Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.
Advertisement
Nature volume 648, pages 600–606 (2025)
12k
6
27
Metrics details
Non-radiative recombination loss at the hole transport layer (HTL)/perovskite interface in the narrow-bandgap subcell constrains the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of all-perovskite tandem solar cells1,2. Minimizing charge recombination at the buried interface of lead–tin (Pb–Sn)-based narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cells has proven to be particularly challenging, as conventional long-chain amine-based passivation strategies often induce carrier transport losses, thereby limiting both the fill factor and the short-circuit current density (Jsc)3,4,5. Here we developed a dipolar-passivation strategy that reduces the trap density at the buried interface of mixed Pb–Sn perovskite while simultaneously enabling precise energy-level alignment at the HTL/perovskite interface. This dipolar-induced passivation enhances ohmic contact, facilitating efficient hole injection into the HTL and repelling electrons from the HTL/Pb–Sn perovskite interface. This approach extends the carrier diffusion length to 6.2 μm and enables a substantial enhancement in the PCE of Pb–Sn perovskite solar cells, achieving 24.9% along with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.911 V, a Jsc of 33.1 mA cm−2 and a high fill factor of 82.6%. Furthermore, the dipolar passivation effectively mitigates contact losses in the narrow-bandgap subcell induced by the interconnecting layer of tandem devices, contributing to an outstanding PCE of 30.6% (certified stabilized 30.1%) in all-perovskite tandem solar cells.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
All data are available in the main text or Supplementary Information. Additional data are available the from corresponding authors upon request.
Hu, S. et al. Optimized carrier extraction at interfaces for 23.6% efficient tin–lead perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 15, 2096–2107 (2022).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Gao, H. et al. Homogeneous crystallization and buried interface passivation for perovskite tandem solar modules. Science 383, 855–859 (2024).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen, C. et al. Arylammonium-assisted reduction of the open-circuit voltage deficit in wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells: the role of suppressed ion migration. ACS Energy Lett. 5, 2560–2568 (2020).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
La-Placa, M. G. et al. Vacuum-deposited 2D/3D perovskite heterojunctions. ACS Energy Lett. 4, 2893–2901 (2019).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Park, S. M., Abtahi, A., Boehm, A. M. & Graham, K. R. Surface ligands for methylammonium lead iodide films: surface coverage, energetics, and photovoltaic performance. ACS Energy Lett. 5, 799–806 (2020).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhu, J. et al. Self-assembled hole-selective contact for efficient Sn–Pb perovskite solar cells and all-perovskite tandems. Nat. Commun. 16, 240 (2025).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lin, R. et al. Monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells with 24.8% efficiency exploiting comproportionation to suppress Sn(II) oxidation in precursor ink. Nat. Energy 4, 864–873 (2019).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Tong, J. et al. Carrier control in Sn–Pb perovskites via 2D cation engineering for all-perovskite tandem solar cells with improved efficiency and stability. Nat. Energy 7, 642–651 (2022).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Li, Z. et al. Cost analysis of perovskite tandem photovoltaics. Joule 2, 1559–1572 (2018).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Albrecht, S. & Rech, B. Perovskite solar cells: on top of commercial photovoltaics. Nat. Energy 2, 16196 (2017).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Jošt, M., Kegelmann, L., Korte, L. & Albrecht, S. Monolithic perovskite tandem solar cells: a review of the present status and advanced characterization methods toward 30% efficiency. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 1904102 (2020).
Article Google Scholar
Luo, D., Su, R., Zhang, W., Gong, Q. & Zhu, R. Minimizing non-radiative recombination losses in perovskite solar cells. Nat. Rev. Mater. 5, 44–60 (2020).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Green, M. A. et al. Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 64). Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 32, 425–441 (2024).
Article Google Scholar
Lin, R. et al. All-perovskite tandem solar cells with 3D/3D bilayer perovskite heterojunction. Nature 620, 994–1000 (2023).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lin, R. et al. All-perovskite tandem solar cells with improved grain surface passivation. Nature 603, 73–78 (2022).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Canil, L. et al. Tuning halide perovskite energy levels. Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 1429–1438 (2021).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Xia, J., Sohail, M. & Nazeeruddin, M. K. Efficient and stable perovskite solar cells by tailoring of interfaces. Adv. Mater. 35, 2211324 (2023).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Tao, J. et al. Suppressing non-radiative recombination for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 18, 509–544 (2024).
Article Google Scholar
Thiesbrummel, J. et al. Ion-induced field screening as a dominant factor in perovskite solar cell operational stability. Nat. Energy 9, 664–676 (2024).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Chen, C. Y., Harata, F., Murdey, R. & Wakamiya, A. Enhanced power conversion efficiency in tin halide perovskite solar cells with zinc iodide interlayers. ACS Energy Lett. 9, 6039–6046 (2024).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Krogmeier, B., Staub, F., Grabowski, D., Rau, U. & Kirchartz, T. Quantitative analysis of the transient photoluminescence of CH3NH3PbI3/PC61BM heterojunctions by numerical simulations. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2, 1027–1034 (2018).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wu, Y. et al. Perovskite solar cells with 18.21% efficiency and area over 1 cm2 fabricated by heterojunction engineering. Nat. Energy 1, 16148 (2016).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Li, J. et al. Charge generation dynamics in organic photovoltaic blends under one-sun-equivalent illumination detected by highly sensitive terahertz spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146, 20312–20322 (2024).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rau, U. Reciprocity relation between photovoltaic quantum efficiency and electroluminescent emission of solar cells. Phys. Rev. B 76, 085303 (2007).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Warby, J. et al. Mismatch of quasi–Fermi level splitting and Voc in perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 13, 2303135 (2023).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Qin, Z. et al. Zwitterion-functionalized SnO2 substrate induced sequential deposition of black-phase FAPbI3 with rearranged PbI2 residue. Adv. Mater. 34, 1–9 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Li, M. et al. High-efficiency perovskite solar cells with improved interfacial charge extraction by bridging molecules. Adv. Mater. 36, 2406532 (2024).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Cai, W. et al. Interlayer reinforcement for improved mechanical reliability for wearable perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 17, 8162–8173 (2024).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ni, Z., Xu, S. & Huang, J. Response to Comment on “Resolving spatial and energetic distributions of trap states in metal halide perovskite solar cells”. Science 371, 1352–1358 (2021).
Article Google Scholar
Burgelman, M., Nollet, P. & Degrave, S. Modelling polycrystalline semiconductor solar cells. Thin Solid Films 361, 527–532 (2000).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Hu, S. et al. Synergistic surface modification of tin–lead perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 35, 2208320 (2023).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Grabowski, D., Liu, Z., Schöpe, G., Rau, U. & Kirchartz, T. Fill factor losses and deviations from the superposition principle in lead halide perovskite solar cells. Sol. RRL 6, 2200507 (2022).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Workman, M., Chen, D. Z. & Musa, S. M. Ideality factor based computational analysis of perovskite solar cells. In 2021 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech) https://doi.org/10.1109/SusTech51236.2021.9467471 (IEEE, 2021).
Liu, Y. et al. Alcohol solvent treatment of PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer for optimized inverted perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 31, 12765–12774 (2020).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Li, L. et al. Flexible all-perovskite tandem solar cells approaching 25% efficiency with molecule-bridged hole-selective contact. Nat. Energy 7, 708–717 (2022).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Li, C. et al. Diamine chelates for increased stability in mixed Sn–Pb and all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Nat. Energy 9, 1388–1396 (2024).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Liu, C. et al. Efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells with low-optical-loss carbazolyl interconnecting layers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 135, e202313374 (2023).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Choi, H. et al. Conjugated polyelectrolyte hole transport layer for inverted-type perovskite solar cells. Nat. Commun. 6, 7348 (2015).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen, L. et al. Incorporating potassium citrate to improve the performance of tin–lead perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 13, 2301218 (2023).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Han, Q. et al. Low-temperature processed inorganic hole transport layer for efficient and stable mixed Pb–Sn low-bandgap perovskite solar cells. Sci. Bull. 64, 1399–1401 (2019).
Article Google Scholar
Liu, Z. et al. All-perovskite tandem solar cells achieving >29% efficiency with improved (100) orientation in wide-bandgap perovskites. Nat. Mater. 24, 252–259 (2025).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kühne, T. D. et al. CP2K: an electronic structure and molecular and accurate electronic structure calculations. J. Chem. Phys. 152, 194103 (2020).
Nosé, S. A unified formulation of the constant temperature molecular dynamics methods. J. Chem. Phys. 81, 511–519 (1984).
VandeVondele, J. & Hutter, J. Gaussian basis sets for accurate calculations on molecular systems in gas and condensed phases. J. Chem. Phys. 127, 114105 (2007).
Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar
Goedecker, S. & Teter, M. Separable dual-space Gaussian pseudopotentials. Phys. Rev. B 54, 1703–1710 (1996).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Download references
This work was financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB4200304), National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (T2325016, 12225511), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62305150, U21A2076, T2241002, 62474086, 62404096, 22372193), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20232022, BK20233001, BE2022021, and BE2022026, BK20230790, BK20243031, BK20241209), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (0213/14380206, 0205/14380252, and 0213/14380236), Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling Fund (DLTD2109), Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Support Project from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (BX20240158) and Program for Innovative Talents and Entrepreneur in Jiangsu.
These authors contributed equally: Renxing Lin, Han Gao, Jing Lou
National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Renxing Lin, Han Gao, Mengran Yin, Pu Wu, Chenshuaiyu Liu, Yijia Guo, Enzuo Wang, Shuncheng Yang, Runnan Liu, Dong Zhou, Ke Xiao, Ludong Li & Hairen Tan
Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, China
Jing Lou & Chao Chang
School of Interdisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
Jian Xu
i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, China
Changzeng Ding, Ni Yin, Chang-Qi Ma & Qi Chen
School of Engineering, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Anh Dinh Bui & Daniel H. Macdonald
Research and Development Center, Renshine Solar (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Changshu, China
Xin Luo, Ye Liu & Hairen Tan
School of Frontier Sciences, Institute of Functional Materials and Intelligent Manufacturing, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China
Yongxi Li
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
PubMed Google Scholar
R. Lin, H.G. and M.Y. fabricated all the devices and conducted the characterization. J.L. and C.C. performed the femtosecond-resolved optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy. J.X. carried out the AIMD simulation. A.D.B. and D.H.M. performed the photoluminescence imaging characterization. N.Y., and Q.C. performed the KPFM and atomic force microscopy measurements. C.D. and C.-Q.M. performed time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry characterization. R. Lin carried out the SCAPS-1D simulation. R. Lin, H.G., P.W., C.L., Y.G., E.W., S.Y., D.Z., K.X., R. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Li, X.L. and L.L. carried out device fabrication and materials characterization. R. Lin, J.X. and H.T. wrote the paper. All authors discussed the results and commented on the paper.
Correspondence to Renxing Lin, Jian Xu, Chao Chang or Hairen Tan.
H.T. is the founder, Chief Scientific Officer and Chairman of Renshine Solar (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, a company that is commercializing perovskite photovoltaics. The other authors declare no competing interests.
Nature thanks Shuaifeng Hu, Huangzhong Yu and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Supplementary Information file contains Supplementary Notes 1–4, Figs. 1–63, Tables 1–7 and References.
The dynamic process of NH3+ terminated SA molecule adsorption on the perovskite surface. The SA with the –NH3+ terminal adsorbed on the perovskite surface (shown in Supplementary Figure 16a).
The dynamic process of SO3− terminated SA molecule adsorption on the perovskite surface. The SA with the –SO3− terminal adsorbed on the perovskite surface (shown in Supplementary Figure 16b).
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
Reprints and permissions
Lin, R., Gao, H., Lou, J. et al. All-perovskite tandem solar cells with dipolar passivation. Nature 648, 600–606 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09773-7
Download citation
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Version of record:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09773-7
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
Nature (2025)
Advertisement
Nature (Nature)
ISSN 1476-4687 (online)
ISSN 0028-0836 (print)
© 2025 Springer Nature Limited
Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.
