by University of Surrey
edited by Stephanie Baum, reviewed by Robert Egan
scientific editor
associate editor
Credit: Joule (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102225
Perovskite solar cells can be made not only more robust but also more efficient, scalable and cheaper to manufacture by replacing the indium tin oxide (ITO) in the device, according to research led by the University of Surrey. The team suggests that replacing the ITO—one of the most fragile and expensive materials in photovoltaics—with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) could take perovskite solar cells to the next level, creating truly flexible, affordable and durable panels.
In a new study led by Surrey’s Advanced Technology Institute and international partners, researchers show that a simple sulfuric acid treatment makes the carbon nanotube films better at carrying electricity while staying clear enough for sunlight to pass through to the solar layer beneath.
The work is published in the journal Joule.
The research team found that the treatment created a thin, nickel-based stabilizing bridge layer (NiSO₄–NiOx interfacial layer) that improves the connection between components inside the solar cell.
Professor Wei Zhang, lead author from the University of Surrey’s Advanced Technology Institute, said, “Our process resulted in a flexible perovskite solar cell free of indium tin oxide that achieved more than 20% power conversion efficiency across large areas, with small-scale devices reaching a record 24.5%. It’s safe to say that our own results took us all by surprise.”
Because the carbon nanotube films can be produced using roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition—a process already used in large-scale electronics manufacturing—the researchers believe this approach could make flexible solar panels not only high performing but also commercially viable at an industrial scale.
Tests also confirmed a dramatic improvement in stability. Researchers found that even after a month of exposure to heat, humidity and sunlight, the devices retained over 95% of their original performance—far surpassing conventional ITO-based designs.
Professor Ravi Silva, co-author of the study and Director of the Advanced Technology Institute at the University of Surrey, said, “We are now convinced that carbon nanotube electrodes can do what indium tin oxide cannot—combine high performance with mechanical strength and low cost. These results bring flexible, scalable solar technology a big step closer to real-world applications.”
The team also tested durability by repeatedly bending the modules. While traditional ITO-based devices lost nearly three-quarters of their efficiency after 1,000 bends, the SWCNT-based versions lost only around 5% and showed no visible cracking or delamination.
Beyond performance, the approach promises significant cost and environmental savings. Producing SWCNT films via roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition is about six times cheaper than ITO sputtering, reducing total manufacturing costs by roughly $200 per square meter. As indium is scarce and energy-intensive to extract, using carbon-based materials instead could make solar manufacturing both cheaper and greener, cutting the technology’s overall carbon footprint.
Perovskites are a new class of materials often described as a “miracle material” in solar research. They can be made from simple, low-cost ingredients and processed at much lower temperatures than traditional silicon, making them lighter, cheaper and easier to produce. Their flexible structure allows them to capture sunlight with remarkable efficiency, opening the door to solar panels that can bend, curve and even be printed onto everyday surfaces. Yet despite their promise, perovskite devices have struggled with long-term stability and fragile components.
Professor Wei Zhang added, “Our work tackles one of the biggest barriers to commercialization—cost and scalability. Flexible, lightweight solar modules like these could power everything from portable electronics to next-generation building materials.”
More information: Jing Zhang et al, Integrating SWCNT to bridge the stability divide in scalable and manufacturable flexible perovskite solar modules, Joule (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102225
Journal information: Joule
Provided by University of Surrey
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Replacing indium tin oxide with single-walled carbon nanotubes in perovskite solar cells enables flexible, durable, and efficient panels. Sulfuric acid treatment and a nickel-based interfacial layer enhance conductivity and stability, with devices maintaining over 95% efficiency after stress tests. This approach reduces costs and environmental impact, supporting scalable, high-performance solar technology.
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Carbon nanotubes could power a new generation of flexible solar panels
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