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Researchers from Michigan State University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory have reviewed claims regarding PFAS in solar panels, as detailed in a perspective article published in Perspective and reported by pv magazine. The study found no confirmed evidence of PFAS leaching from commercially deployed solar modules, although fluoropolymers may be used in limited components such as backsheets or coatings.
The research highlights widespread confusion between different types of PFAS and calls for clearer communication and transparency around fluoropolymer use in photovoltaic technologies. Fluoropolymers, a distinct subset of PFAS, are described as large, insoluble, and generally biologically inert, with toxicological profiles that differ markedly from more hazardous PFAS compounds. The authors note that legacy processing chemicals such as PFOA and PFOS, used in the manufacture of some fluoropolymers, have been largely phased out or restricted under regulatory and voluntary initiatives in the United States and globally.
According to the researchers, PFAS or fluoropolymers may theoretically be present in a few specific solar panel parts: front glass coatings (though no evidence of commercial use exists), backsheets for weather protection, and wires and cables as insulation. Encapsulants and sealants typically do not contain PFAS. The scientists emphasized that fluoropolymers are often not appropriately differentiated from more hazardous PFAS, which may lead to misleading conclusions about the environmental sustainability of PV technologies.
As part of the study, the team conducted a survey of 48 professionals at a conference, including module manufacturers, PV researchers, academic scientists, and operations and maintenance personnel. Of the respondents, 59% believed PFAS use in solar PV is likely to occur. When asked about potential component-level presence, 54% selected the backsheet and 39% chose solar glass coatings.
The researchers concluded that addressing public concerns requires demanding transparency from the PV industry and supporting the use of PFAS-free alternatives. They noted promising developments, including manufacturers obtaining PFAS-free certifications, policymakers incentivizing PV projects on contaminated lands, and researchers providing fact-based outreach on the topic.
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