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Nature volume 653, pages 90–97 (2026)Cite this article
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Perovskite–silicon triple-junction photovoltaics offer efficiency gains beyond dual-junction devices but at the expense of added complexity¹. Here we address two key bottlenecks in perovskite–silicon-based triple-junction solar cells: reduced open-circuit voltage (V_OC) in the wide-bandgap (WBG) top cell and limited photocurrent generation in the middle cell^1,2. A non-volatile additive, 4-hydroxybenzylamine (HBA), regulates WBG perovskite crystallization and passivates defects, promoting oriented growth and suppressing non-radiative recombination. Together with improved energy-level alignment, this yields V_OCs of up to 1.405 V and enhanced stability. To overcome the current limitations in the middle cell, a three-step deposition strategy enables the formation of thick, low-bandgap perovskite absorbers while preserving microstructural integrity and enhancing electron extraction. Also, low-refractive-index SiO_x-nanoparticles (SiO_x-np) that accumulate in the front valleys of the textured silicon bottom cell act as an optical middle reflector, enhancing light absorption in the middle cell. These advances are then combined in 1-cm² perovskite–perovskite–silicon devices, achieving a certified efficiency of 30.02%.
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Source data are provided with this paper. All other data of this work are available from the corresponding authors on request.
The custom LabVIEW code used for data acquisition and three-point MPP tracking, as well as the MATLAB code used for numerical calculations of the equivalent circuit model, are available from the corresponding authors on request.
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We thank F. Toniolo, F. Sahli, and Y. Liu for their support in cell development, P. Chen from Scenergy and Patrick Wyss for the wet chemical processing of the Si wafers, A. Descoeudres, V. Gainche, Philippe Wyss, B. Paviet-Salomon, S. Dunand for Si bottom-cell fabrications, J. Geissbuhler for support in cell measurement, J. Decoppet and A. Theytaz for atomic layer deposition and screen printing, J. Gay for the SiO_x-np supply, A. Bonet for NMR measurements and analysis and L. Klimmek for measurement support in iV_OC imaging. GIWAXS experiments were performed at the NCD-SWEET beamline at ALBA Synchrotron with the collaboration of ALBA staff. The authors acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon programme (VIPERLAB, 101006715, TRIUMPH, 101075725), the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) (TRIUMPH, 101075725), the Swiss National Science Foundation (Radicals, CRSII5_216647), the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (PERSISTARS, BESTOBOT, COMET, 502791-01), the ‘Fonds Électricité Vitale Vert des Services Industriels de Genève’ and the ETH Domain through an AM grant (AMYS). M.O., D.T. and A.K. acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under a Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (945363 and 101034260). D.T. acknowledges the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) for an FCS/ESKAS Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship. This project has received funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) under the NanoMatFutur Call, project number 03XP0625, COMET PV, and the European Union’s Framework Program for Research and Innovation Horizon Europe (2021–2027) under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action Postdoctoral Fellowships (European Fellowship) 101061809 HyPerGreen. DFT calculations were performed at the Swiss National Computing Centre (CSCS) under project ID lp60. J.A.S. acknowledges financial support from the Australian Research Council (DE230100173) and travel funding provided by the International Synchrotron Access Programme (ISAP) managed by the Australian Synchrotron, part of ANSTO, and financed by the Australian Government. Fracture energy measurements are based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number 2339233.
Photovoltaics and Thin Film Electronics Laboratory (PV-lab), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Kerem Artuk, Deniz Turkay, Austin Kuba, Julien Hurni, Joël Spitznagel, Hugo Quest, Jonas Diekmann, Chiara Ongaro, Mostafa Othman, Hilal Aybike Can, Mohammad Reza Golobostanfard, Umang Desai, Paul Remondeau, Antonin Faes, Aïcha Hessler-Wyser, Christophe Ballif & Christian M. Wolff
Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Kerem Artuk, Michele De Bastiani, Jun Zhao, Felipe Saenz, Lisa Champault, Antonin Faes, Quentin Jeangros & Christophe Ballif
Chaire de Simulation à l′Echelle Atomique (CSEA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
Stefan Riemelmoser & Alfredo Pasquarello
Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Julian A. Steele
School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Julian A. Steele
3S Swiss Solar Solutions AG, Gwatt (Thun), Switzerland
Hugo Quest
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany
Maryamsadat Heydarian, Oliver Fischer, Martin C. Schubert & Florian Schindler
Chair for Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Oliver Fischer
Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Huagui Lai, Jonathan S. Austin & Fan Fu
Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Stefan Zeiske, Rafael López-Arteaga, Cheng Liu, Bin Chen & Edward H. Sargent
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, Switzerland
Mounir D. Mensi
Physik und Optoelektronik weicher Materie, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Andrés-Felipe Castro-Méndez & Felix Lang
Materials Science and Engineering, Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Muzhi Li & Nicholas Rolston
Young Investigator Group, Robotized Material and Photovoltaic Engineering, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Berlin, Germany
Thomas W. Gries, Siddha Hill & Artem Musiienko
NCD-SWEET beamline at ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Eduardo Solano
Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Giuseppe Portale
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Edward H. Sargent
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Conceptualization of the idea: K.A., A.K. and C.M.W. Three-step absorber development: K.A. and A.K. Single-junction fabrication: K.A. and A.K. Tandem and triple-junction fabrication: K.A. Bottom-cell fabrication: J.S., M.D.B. and J.H. Middle-reflector development: K.A. and D.T. Encapsulation and damp-heat testing: L.C. GIWAXS measurements: J.A.S., E.S. and G.P. Analysis: J.A.S. DFT calculations: S.R. Analysis: S.R. and A.P. COMSOL simulations: J.D. Cross-section SEM: D.T., J.H. and M.O. ToF-SIMS measurement analysis: H.L. and F.F. XPS/UPS measurements: M.D.M. Analysis: M.D.M. and K.A. Transient absorption and high-dynamic-range EQE measurements: S.Z. and R.L.-A. Fracture energy measurements: M.L. and N.R. Transient surface photovoltage measurements: T.W.G., S.H. and A.M. Bias-assisted charge extraction measurements: A.-C.F.-M. and F.L. Outdoor monitoring: A.F., P.R. and U.D. Data analysis: H.Q. In situ iV_OC imaging: O.F. EQE and J–V measurements at Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems: M.H. Writing: review and editing: K.A., Q.J. and C.M.W. Supervision and funding acquisition: A.H.-W., A.P., E.H.S., F. Schindler, A.F., M.C.S., Q.J., C.B. and C.M.W. Manuscript revision: all authors.
Correspondence to Kerem Artuk or Christian M. Wolff.
The authors declare no competing interests.
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Artuk, K., Turkay, D., Kuba, A. et al. Triple-junction solar cells with improved carrier and photon management. Nature 653, 90–97 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10385-y
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Received: 08 July 2025
Accepted: 10 March 2026
Published: 17 March 2026
Version of record: 29 April 2026
Issue date: 07 May 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10385-y
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