Solar Now

Japanese solar cell and module manufacturer Toyo shipped 4.5GW of cells in FY2025, surpassing its full-year target, while module shipments reached 249MW. 
The manufacturer reported revenue of US$427.4 million in FY2025, up 142% year-on-year, driven primarily by a US$241.6 million increase in solar cell sales and a US$7.6 million rise in module revenues. 
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Toyo had set a solar cell shipment target of 4.2GW-4.4 GW. According to the firm, the exceeded target was driven by the ramp-up of its 4GW manufacturing facility in Ethiopia, which reached nameplate capacity in October 2025. 
The company also reported an increase in gross profit to US$96.3 million, with margins expanding to 22.5%, compared with US$21.9 million in 2024. Meanwhile, the net income came in at US$37.2 million, slightly down from US$40.5 million in the previous year. 
Toyo’s CEO Takahiko Onozuka said: “Our record revenues were underpinned by the rapid ramp-up of our 4GW cell facility, which is now operating at full capacity to serve our US utility-scale partners with high-efficiency, policy-compliant solar technology.” 
“Our production at our Houston module facility is expected to scale fast over the course of 2026 and we are evaluating additional strategic initiatives to create a robust onshore supply chain for US customers using advanced technology and performance standards,” he added. 
For 2026, Toyo has set shipment targets of 5.5GW-5.8 GW for solar cells and 1GW-1.3 GW for modules. The company forecasts adjusted net income of US$90-US$100 million for the full year. 
The CEO said Toyo will focus on establishing itself as a supplier of compliant solar solutions aligned with evolving US customer requirements. He added that solar remains a highly viable option for rapidly scaling energy production in a cost-effective manner.  
He also noted that the company had secured new polysilicon sourcing relationships and was advancing plans to onshore cell manufacturing in the US to support customers seeking integrated domestic content. Recently, Toyo secured a one-year supply agreement with an undisclosed firm for US-made polysilicon. 
As trade and tax-credit policy in the US tightens around the provenance of solar hardware, with non-domestically produced content facing closer scrutiny, Toyo said it was benefitting from having a transparent supply chain.
Toyo’s chief strategy officer, Rhone Resch, said: “Our outperformance this year is a direct result of our ability to navigate a complex global trade landscape. TOYO has built a resilient, traceable supply chain that the market trusts. As solar continues to drive the majority of new US electricity demand, TOYO is now well positioned with the domestic capacity and policy expertise to contribute to the next phase of the energy transition.”

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If upcoming projects are realized, solar power would make up 51% of the new generating capacity.
Photo Credit: iStock
Although it may seem like clean energy projects in the United States have slowed, recently released data predicts 93% of the new utility-scale electricity generating capacity installed this year will come from solar, batteries, and wind power. 
The report from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, which tracks U.S. power plant developers and operators, revealed that there are plans to add 86 gigawatts of generating capacity to the grid in 2026 . 
If these projects are realized, solar power would make up 51% of the new generating capacity with battery storage following with 28% and wind at 14%. 
The data reveals 2026 will be a “big year” for grid-scale solar projects. 
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“Developers plan to add 43.4 GW of new utility-scale solar capacity in 2026, a 60% increase in capacity additions from last year if realized,” it stated. 
These massive solar farms can help stabilize grids and reduce energy costs across communities, but smaller-scale residential solar is still the best way to reduce your individual energy bills while taking control of your power generation. 
If you’re interested in upgrading, check out EnergySage’s free tools to get quick installation estimates and compare competitive quotes. 
According to the numbers, more than half of the new large-scale solar projects are planned for just four states: Texas, Arizona, California and Michigan. The largest single solar project expected to power up in 2026 is in Texas, which will deliver 837 megawatts of power when completed. 
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Although this data suggests energy developers are taking steps to transform the U.S. grid into a clean energy powerhouse, you don’t have to wait for a large-scale project to come to your area to benefit from solar panels. 
In fact, residential solar is one of the most reliable bill-saving investments you can make. Some homeowners can even achieve six figures in savings over the lifetime of their solar system. 
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To fully understand how much getting solar can cut down your energy bills, check out TCD partner EnergySage. With its free tools, you could save up to $10,000 on solar purchases and installation costs. 
EnergySage even offers a mapping tool that shows you all of the incentives available in your area and the average costs for solar panels on a state-by-state level. With it, you can find the best price for rooftop panels while ensuring you lock in all of the rebates and tax credits you can get. 
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While you’re considering solar panels, you may want to think about making your home energy even more secure by installing a battery backup. Home energy storage is one of the most effective ways to protect your home from outages, save even more on energy bills and, if you want, completely cut ties with your local grid. 
To learn more about pairing batteries with solar, and get competitive installation quotes, check out EnergySage’s free storage resources. 
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DENVER, CO – Legislation to remove barriers to plug-in solar panels and save Coloradans money on their utility bills passed the Senate today. 

HB26-1007, sponsored by Senators Cathy Kipp, D-Fort Collins, and Matt Ball, D-Denver, would authorize access to plug-in solar panels, which can be plugged into a home electrical outlet and are more affordable than traditional rooftop solar.

“This bill reduces barriers and establishes safety standards so that Coloradans who want a reliable, affordable source of renewable energy can use plug-in solar panels,” said Kipp. “Coloradans are interested in plug-in solar for a variety of reasons like reducing their carbon footprint, lowering their utility bills, or ensuring a reliable back-up source of energy in the case of a power outage. No matter their reasoning, Coloradans should be able to pursue this technology without unnecessary barriers.” 

“Plug-in solar panels expand access to solar energy for people who live in an apartment or can’t afford a full rooftop system,” said Ball. “The technology is safe, cost-efficient, and already widely used in other places. This bill gives Coloradans the option to use plug-in solar and connect to the grid through a meter collar to start saving money and producing their own clean energy.” 

Plug-in solar, also referred to as balcony solar, can be plugged into a home electrical outlet and is more affordable than traditional rooftop solar. It consists of one to four solar panels plus an inverter and optional battery and is designed for simple, safe installation. Plug-in solar can be used to power household appliances and offer Coloradans an alternative, reliable energy source that can also reduce traditional utility costs.

The bill would establish protective guardrails on the types of plug-in solar products that can be used. Under this bill, all plug-in solar devices installed must meet the UL 3700 product safety standard. 

HB26-1007 would also encourage the use of meter collars. Meter collars are devices installed between an electric meter socket and a utility billing meter to provide immediate interconnection of customer-owned solar devices to the grid. Meter collars eliminate the need for a costly electrical panel upgrade, saving Coloradans money and time on solar installation. This bill outlines a safe, consistent and repeatable solar installation process with minimal disruption and short installation times to benefit Coloradans. 

Plug-in solar is common in Europe. For example, in Germany, approximately 4 million households have installed plug-in solar. If passed, Colorado would join Utah in becoming early adopters of safe, reliable, plug-in solar in the United States. 

HB26-1007 now heads back to the House for consideration of amendments. Track its progress HERE.
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Xinhua | January 12, 2026
China announced on Friday that it will change export tax rebates for a range of products, including photovoltaic and battery products.
The announcement, jointly issued by the Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration, said that export tax rebates for the value added tax of photovoltaic products will be canceled starting from April 1, 2026.
Meanwhile, the export tax rebate rate for the value added tax of battery products will be reduced from 9 percent to 6 percent starting from April 1, 2026, and will be eliminated starting from Jan. 1, 2027, according to the announcement.
The move is welcomed by China's domestic industry, with the China Photovoltaic Industry Association saying that the measure will help restore rational pricing in foreign markets and reduce the risk of trade frictions for China.
Over the long term, the measure will help prevent export prices from falling too rapidly and lower the risk of trade disputes further, according to the association. 

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Published daily by the Lowy Institute
US tariffs are testing whether ASEAN is all talk on regional integration for renewable energy generation.
Southeast Asia’s solar panel manufacturers are facing hard times. Having benefited from anti-China trade measures, Southeast Asia had become the largest source of US solar photovoltaic (PV) imports – until Washington turned on the region. Once bright solar ambitions are beginning to set. Southeast Asia needs to find answers closer to home.
The United States has persistently raised trade barriers to solar panels for more than a decade but the key factor driving import flows has been the tariff differential between countries. As president, Barack Obama imposed solar panel duties on China, and Donald Trump imposed general goods tariffs during his first term.
This gave Chinese firms an incentive to set up manufacturing operations in Southeast Asia. Vietnam, Thailand, and more recently Cambodia were the prime beneficiaries. This added to significant solar PV manufacturing in Malayia. Solar exports to the United States surged from US$2.8 billion in 2012 to US$14.4 billion by 2023. By 2024, 80% of US solar PV imports came from these four countries.
However, dependency cuts both ways. The United States represented the same share of Southeast Asia’s total solar exports, leaving the industry vulnerable.
ASEAN has trumpeted deepening regional economic integration as a response to tariffs. Solar would be a good place to start.
Viewed as an extension of Chinese overcapacity, Joe Biden effectively ended Southeast Asia’s access to the US market in 2024 by imposing anti-dumping and countervailing duties. Trump announced even higher import duties in April of this year. Now the average effective rate for Malaysia is roughly 34%, while the determination on Vietnam and Thailand is well over 300%, and Cambodia is hit hardest with 652%. Firm specific as well as general rates for each country’s industry were imposed, meaning rates reached as high as 3,400% for some firms. These will translate into countervailing duties (effectively tariffs) alongside additional anti-dumping duties ranging from 2% to 271%.
The industry has already started showing signs of stress. More job losses and factory closures are expected. Even Malaysia’s solar manufacturers are struggling despite receiving the lowest tariff rates.
Much of the region’s manufacturing capacity is underpinned by Chinese investment, inputs, and technology. China accounted for more than 80% of foreign investment into new projects. This reflects China’s dominance in global solar PV and global supply chains.
But for the countries in Southeast Asia, China’s omnipotence in their solar PV industry is exaggerated. The United States Uyghur Forced Labour Prevention Act and other measures were used to prevent polysilicon (the upstream material needed to manufacture solar cells) from China’s Xinjiang region being used in US-deployed solar due to human rights concerns. Malaysia developed and expanded domestic polysilicon production while Vietnam began importing polysilicon from Germany, the United States, and Malaysia.
In response to Biden-era tariffs, Indonesia and Laos became the next best locations to export from. Indonesia brought online 20 gigawatts of foreign-owned solar manufacturing capacity, up from just 1 gigawatt at the end of 2022. China led the way with manufacturing investments in these countries, to be sure. But US investments in Indonesia since 2023 are about one-third the value as those from China, and in Laos, the figure is approximately half. This shows Southeast Asia’s solar developments are not solely dictated by Beijing.
Unfortunately, the Trump administration announced new anti-dumping and countervailing duties investigations into Indonesia and Laos in August, the outcomes of which are easy to guess. Washington is also targeting upstream supply chain segments with a national security trade investigation into polysilicon and derivative products. Any hopes that Southeast Asia might continue exporting to the US market are rapidly fading.
Trump’s trashing of US domestic green energy policies will inevitably slow down renewable energy capacity additions, so export diversification was always necessary for Southeast Asia’s manufacturers. But now it is urgent. Competing in China is not an option. The two biggest markets outside China and the United States are Europe and India. Europe, the largest solar importers, almost exclusively import from China. India emulated China with a Make in India policy, which included a domestically grown solar PV industry that quickly developed 100GW of solar panel manufacturing capacity while doubling down on protectionist interventions. Meanwhile, China’s export volumes continue surging.
Southeast Asia will have to rescue itself.
Renewable energy generation globally will double over the next five years and 80% will be solar PV. Accelerating the region’s energy transition will support local manufacturers. Southeast Asia is already the fourth largest source of global energy demand, will drive one-quarter of demand growth to 2035, and holds the largest solar PV module production capacity outside of China at 106 GW, with expanding production across other supply chain segments. Under already announced policies, the region wants to install 28 GW of solar PV and bring total capacity to 100 GW by 2030. Yet these investments in utility-scale solar are not even keeping pace with other major emerging economies such as India and Brazil.
If Southeast Asia adopted a net-zero policy pathway, the International Energy Agency estimates it would need more than 250 GW. Reaching this level would create demand, protect jobs and factories, and generate new employment as rolling out the panels inevitably employs more people than solar PV manufacturing.
Regional coordination would obviously scale such actions. The ASEAN Power Grid initiative already provides an institutional mechanism to accelerate solar deployment for the entire region through electricity grid integration.
ASEAN has trumpeted deepening regional economic integration as a response to tariffs. Solar would be a good place to start.
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Platts extends solar PV price assessments in India  spglobal.com
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Guidelines to encourage the comprehensive utilization of photovoltaic (PV) modules have jointly been released by six Chinese national authorities. These include Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Commerce, State Administration for Market Regulation, National Financial Regulatory Administration, and National Energy Administration.
Key tasks of the guidelines include refining relevant laws, regulations, policies and standards, boosting R&D of processing technologies, broadening application channels for related products, and strengthening support for key production factors. These will help foster organized development of China's comprehensive PV module utilization sector.
By 2027, the country will further raise green production levels of PV modules, effectively increase the proportion of recycled materials in production, and refine the evaluation criteria and inspection methods of module retirement, according to the guidelines.
In addition, breakthroughs in core technologies including surface structure disassembly, efficient separation of PV laminates, and component extraction will be achieved. The comprehensive utilization of retired PV modules will be further scaled up in key sectors including metal smelting, equipment manufacturing and building materials production.
A series of technical standards for the green design and comprehensive utilization of PV modules will be developed, a batch of leading enterprises in the sector will be fostered, and the cumulative volume of PV modules processed through comprehensive utilization will reach 250,000 tonnes.
By 2030, the technological and equipment level for comprehensive utilization of PV modules will be further enhanced with significantly strengthened industrial innovation and development capabilities, the guidelines noted. Application scenarios and methods for comprehensive utilization products will continue to expand, creating a strong capacity for using end-of-life PV modules. This capacity will feature close coordination across the industrial chain, rational production capacity layout, and the ability to address large-scale retirement waves.
Efforts should be made to advance the green design and manufacturing of the PV industry, improve the ease of dismantling and recycling of PV modules, and raise the proportion of recycled materials used in production, according to the guidelines. It calls for the orderly decommissioning of end-of-life PV modules, and guides relevant stakeholders to standardize the handover and delivery of waste PV modules.
The guidelines also stipulate the promotion of green and high-efficiency dismantling and utilization, encourage the development of non-destructive dismantling technologies, and support the extraction of silver materials from the metal grid lines of crystalline silicon solar cells.
Furthermore, the guidelines advocate promoting the coordinated development of the entire industrial chain for the comprehensive utilization of PV modules, and encourage PV module manufacturers, solar power station operators, and comprehensive utilization enterprises to actively extend their industrial chains.
Efforts will be made to optimize the environment for industrial innovation and development. Management measures for comprehensive utilization of industrial resources will be accelerated to clarify the responsibilities of all parties involved in the comprehensive utilization of waste photovoltaic modules. Policy support will also be strengthened.
Qualified PV industrial parks are encouraged to develop "waste-free zones." Support will therefore be given for collaboration among PV module manufacturers, comprehensive utilization product producers, and end-users to develop exemplary green and low-carbon industrial practices within the PV sector.
Enterprises in the PV module comprehensive utilization industrial chain will be supported to strengthen cooperation with internationally advanced companies. This will involve exchanges and learning from each other in areas such as technology, talent, and management model innovation. Ultimately, it would help improve their international competitiveness.
Chinese President Xi Jinping has sent a congratulatory letter to the Science and Technology Daily on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of its founding.
​On March 30, 2026, the Bayuegua Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, a sci-tech innovation think tank service institution, officially released the Global AI Enterprise Technology Innovation Index Report 2026.
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UAE’s global projects pave the way for a clean energy future  Gulf Today
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The Dutch research institute has presented what it describes as the world’s first perovskite-based roof tile, achieving up to 13.8% efficiency on standalone modules and 12.4% when installed on a curved surface. The flexible modules were produced using TNO’s experimental roll-to-roll platform,
Image: TNO
The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) has unveiled today a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) tile based on perovskite solar cell technology.
The new product is billed as the world’s first perovskite solar tile.
“This demonstrator is supported by the Province of North Brabant through the project ‘Solar manufacturing industry to Brabant, Solliance 2.0’. Additional funding was received from the European Union’s Horizon Europe programme for the Luminosity project,” TNO said in a statement. “The work was also partly funded by the National Growth Fund programme SolarNL.”
The Dutch research institute partnered with Netherlands-based BIPV specialist Asat BV in deploying 10 cm x 10 cm perovskite solar modules built on flexible foil onto a curved composite roof tile. Testing indicates that bending the modules to fit the curved surface has minimal impact on their performance.
Standalone modules reached energy conversion efficiencies of up to 13.8%, while the modules retained an efficiency of 12.4% after installation on the curved roof tile.
Image: TNO
The perovksite modules were encapsulated with an experimental roll-to-roll manufacturing platform developed by TNO itself. Roll-to-roll manufacturing – similar to the process used in newspaper printing – enables continuous production of solar cells on long rolls of flexible material. The technique is widely seen as a potential pathway to lower production costs and high-volume manufacturing for emerging thin-film technologies such as perovskites.
More technical details about the solar tile were not disclosed. TNO said it will be commercialized by its spinoff Perovion Technologies, which was launched last month. 
TNO’s recent research on perovskite solar cells, includes developing roll-to-roll and spatial atomic layer deposition (SALD) processes for the deposition of functional materials, solar cell layers, and flexible foils.
In July, Solarge, a manufacturer of lightweight silicon PV modules based in the Netherlands, and TNO unveiled a 32 cm x 34 cm lightweight prototype perovskite solar panel.
A month earlier, Japan’s Sekisui Solar Film, part of Sekisui Chemical, the Brabant Development Agency (BOM), which serves the Dutch province of Noord-Brabant, and TNO signed a letter of intent in Osaka, Japan to explore collaboration related to flexible perovskite solar PV module technologies.
As pv magazine has reported, Sekisui Solar Film is developing technology for lightweight, flexible perovskite solar module manufacturing using an advanced roll-to-roll process. It is working on a 100 MW plant in Japan for large-scale production, is undertaking field demonstrations, and signed a perovskite solar-related memorandum of understanding with Slovakia.
 
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Distributed solar additions have vastly outpaced all other forms of generation as Puerto Rico’s overall power generation capacity continues to grow.
Image: US EIA
From pv magazine USA
Recently released data from the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) indicates that 20% of all power generation capacity in Puerto Rico now comes from rooftop solar, surpassing natural gas to become the second-largest capacity source in the territory.
Growth in rooftop solar capacity has outpaced all other energy sources in Puerto Rico over the past decade. According to EIA data, distributed solar installations accounted for 81% of all new generating capacity added to the island’s grid between 2016 and 2025.
During 2025 alone, an average of 3,850 rooftop systems were installed each month at homes and businesses, bringing the total number of active systems to 191,929 by year-end.
Rooftop solar capacity growth has been a bright spot in Puerto Rico’s energy story. The 1,456 MW of rooftop capacity far exceeds the estimated 165 MW of utility-scale solar installed on the island.
PJ Wilson, president of the Solar Energy and Storage Association Puerto Rico, said the industry group remains committed to expanding distributed solar across the territory.
“We are committed to building on this momentum and ensuring rooftop solar and storage continue to grow as a key part of Puerto Rico’s energy system to strengthen the grid and expand energy independence,” he told pv magazine USA.
Notably, the growth in solar capacity has not displaced other generation sources, with capacity from petroleum, natural gas, and coal showing little change over the past five years.
In 2025, Puerto Rico Governor Jenniffer González Colón signed Act 1-2025 into law, extending the lifespan of the territory’s only coal-fired power plant through 2032, despite opposition from local communities. The legislation also revised renewable portfolio standards, removing interim targets of 40% by 2025 and 60% by 2040, while retaining the long-term goal of 100% renewable energy by 2050.
Battery storage and virtual power plants
Grid resilience has become increasingly important in Puerto Rico in recent years. Data shows that the average utility customer experiences a minimum of 27 hours of outages annually, with some locations facing up to nearly 200 hours depending on severe weather events.
In response, adoption of distributed energy storage has grown rapidly. The Puerto Rico Energy Bureau estimates more than 171,000 households and businesses had installed battery systems by the end of 2025, representing a combined capacity of 2,864 MWh.
Analysts at Wood Mackenzie expect an additional 3,000 MWh of distributed storage to be added by 2030.
Many battery owners participate in virtual power plants (VPPs) through the Customer Battery Energy Sharing (CBES) program operated by grid operator LUMA. Through the program, LUMA works with storage aggregators that manage fleets of customer-sited batteries across the territory. During periods of peak demand, the utility can call on these aggregators to temporarily control distributed batteries in “CBES events” to help balance the grid.
LUMA currently lists seven aggregators on its website, allowing customers to enroll and receive compensation in exchange for participation.
Grid challenges have also prompted changes at LUMA. New CEO Janisse Quiñones began her tenure on March 30, 2026, bringing experience from her previous role as CEO and chief engineer of LADWP, with a stated focus on improving grid reliability.
Wilson said the industry group is optimistic about increased collaboration under new leadership.
“SESA remains focused on advancing policies that allow rooftop solar and battery storage to keep growing as a central pillar of Puerto Rico’s energy future, and we’re encouraged by the opportunity for stronger collaboration under LUMA’s new leadership,” he said.
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Published on: April 3, 2026 / Updated on: April 3, 2026 – Author: Konrad Wolfenstein
The end of cheap solar panels? Why modules from China are suddenly becoming more expensive – Image: Xpert.Digital
Why Beijing is now pulling the emergency brake – and the world is paying the price
For years, homeowners and stakeholders in Europe's energy transition benefited from an unprecedented drop in the price of photovoltaic systems. Solar panels and balcony power plants were cheaper than ever before – fueled by massive government subsidies and enormous overproduction in China. But this era of "cheap solar" is now coming to an abrupt end. With a far-reaching political U-turn, Beijing is radically cutting billions in export subsidies for its solar industry. What at first glance appears to be a distant fiscal policy measure has direct and tangible consequences for the domestic market: Prices for solar technology will rise noticeably. But why is China, the undisputed global market leader, pulling the emergency brake now? The following article examines the background of this historic decision – from the destructive price spiral of the so-called "Neijuan" to geopolitical power plays and the question of what this development means specifically for consumers' wallets and the future of the energy transition.
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As of April 1, 2026, China has implemented a quiet revolution in the global solar market. The Chinese Ministry of Finance and the State Revenue Administration jointly announced the complete elimination of value-added tax (VAT) refunds for the export of photovoltaic products. This step affects all key components of the solar value chain – from monocrystalline silicon wafers and solar cells to fully assembled modules and inverters. A phased approach applies to energy storage products: The refund rate will initially be reduced from 9 to 6 percent and completely eliminated from January 1, 2027.
What at first glance appears to be a technical tax adjustment is in reality the culmination of a decades-long subsidy program. As early as December 2024, China had reduced the tax refund rate for photovoltaic products from 13 to 9 percent – ​​a first warning sign, now followed by its complete elimination. In barely three years, the state support framework for solar exports has thus been reduced from 13 percent to zero, unequivocally demonstrating the fundamental reorientation of Chinese industrial policy in this sector.
To understand the implications of this decision, one must grasp the extent of Chinese market dominance in the photovoltaic industry. China currently controls over 95 percent of global polysilicon production for solar applications, 97 percent of wafer manufacturing, 85 percent of solar cell production, and approximately 75 percent of module production. This near-complete control of all stages of the value chain is no accident, but rather the result of a two-decade-long industrial policy that combined government subsidies with massive capital inflows, favorable land prices, and coordinated technology promotion.
The production capacities resulting from this expansion are unprecedented. In 2025, China's manufacturing capacity for solar modules is estimated to have reached 1,200 gigawatts – a figure almost double the total global installation demand of around 650 gigawatts in the same year. In the first half of 2025 alone, China installed 212 gigawatts of new solar capacity, equivalent to the total photovoltaic capacity built in Germany over 25 years. By the end of 2025, China's cumulative photovoltaic capacity had surpassed the historic mark of 1,200 gigawatts – the first country in the world to do so.
Behind these impressive figures lies a structural crisis known in the People's Republic as Neijuan – a term from agricultural sociology that originally described stagnation despite increasing resource input, but today stands for destructive cutthroat competition without productive progress. In the solar industry, Neijuan has taken a concrete and mathematically verifiable form: manufacturers systematically sell below their cost to defend market share and finance the resulting losses with cheap government loans and provincial subsidies.
The consequences are dramatic. The four largest Chinese module manufacturers – Longi, Jinko Solar, Trina Solar, and JA Solar – recorded combined net losses of 11 billion yuan in the first half of 2025 alone, equivalent to approximately US$1.54 billion and representing a 150 percent increase compared to the same period of the previous year. Longi Green Energy, once the undisputed global market leader, reported losses of up to €700 million for the first half of 2025, while Tongwei warned of losses of up to €400 million in the same period. Jinko Solar recorded a 32.63 percent drop in revenue alongside exploding losses.
This price war developed its own dynamic: due to oversupply, solar modules became almost 50 percent cheaper over the course of 2024, which, while accelerating the global energy transition, drove Chinese manufacturers into an existential spiral. Despite a record expansion of 315 gigawatts of new solar capacity in China alone in 2025, the industry remained highly unprofitable – an economic paradox that exposes the limits of state-enforced overproduction.
The abolition of export subsidies is not a spontaneous reaction, but the result of a multi-year situation analysis at the highest governmental level. Several factors drove the decision at this time.
First, the industry's losses have reached a politically intolerable level. Beijing is no longer able to accept systematic losses in the billions as the price of global market dominance when its strategic goals—cost reduction, technological leadership, and market penetration—have already been achieved. Lin Boqiang, director of the China Center for Energy Economics Research at Xiamen University, describes this step as a necessary intervention to curb inefficient competition, reduce trade conflicts, and steer the industry toward high-quality development.
Secondly, China faces a growing problem with international trade disputes. The EU, the US, and an increasing number of other importing countries have initiated anti-dumping proceedings or imposed punitive tariffs, explicitly arguing that Chinese manufacturers are only able to export below market prices due to state subsidies. The China Photovoltaic Association (CPIA) confirmed in an official statement that the measure is intended to help rationalize pricing in foreign markets and reduce the risk of trade conflicts.
Third, the entire economy is trapped in a deflationary cycle, fueled by serial overproduction in several key industries—solar panels, batteries, and electric vehicles. Nomura analysts interpreted the decision as a signal that Beijing will rely more on non-currency instruments to manage its massive trade surplus problem, rather than resorting to yuan appreciation. The decisive end to subsidies also demonstrates a serious intention to enforce market correction in multiple sectors simultaneously.
 

New: Patent from the USA – Install solar parks up to 30% cheaper and 40% faster and easier – with explanatory videos! – Image: Xpert.Digital
The core of this technological advancement is the deliberate departure from conventional clamp mounting, which has been the standard for decades. The new, more time- and cost-effective mounting system addresses this with a fundamentally different, more intelligent concept. Instead of clamping the modules at specific points, they are inserted into a continuous, specially shaped support rail and held securely in place. This design ensures that all forces – whether static loads from snow or dynamic loads from wind – are distributed evenly across the entire length of the module frame.
More information here:
 
Alongside the elimination of export subsidies, Beijing is attempting to curb neiyuan competition through industrial policy coordination. In July 2025, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology invited 14 major solar companies to a meeting where measures against irrational low-price competition, the decommissioning of outdated capacity, and improvements in industrial quality were agreed upon. The wording was the official terminology for what is internationally known as cartel coordination: coordinated production restrictions, minimum price agreements, and the coordinated closure of older manufacturing facilities.
This strategy carries significant domestic political tensions. Six leading polysilicon manufacturers, along with the industry association CPIA, were summoned by the state market regulator because their self-regulation agreements raised suspicions of illegal price-fixing. The authorities face a fundamental dilemma: effectively combating overcapacity requires coordination, which, without clear boundaries, risks veering into market manipulation. Industry experts anticipate that consolidation in silicon, wafer, and module manufacturing will take months or even years before its effects become noticeable.
Related to this:
The elimination of export subsidies is hitting an industry already suffering from increasing cost pressures. Silver, a key material in solar cell manufacturing, reached a record price of $83.62 per ounce at the end of 2025 – a year-on-year increase of over 130 percent. This means that silver paste now accounts for 15 to 17 percent of the total cost of a solar module, surpassing polysilicon as the largest single cost factor. According to OPIS analysts, FOB prices for TOPCon cells – the technologically leading product generation – had already risen by around 30 percent since mid-December 2025, even before the tax reform officially took effect.
In parallel, the Chinese Ministry of Industry has curbed polysilicon production through regulatory intervention. Leading manufacturers are now producing at only 55 to 70 percent of their capacity, which led to a 48 percent price increase for this key raw material in September 2025 alone. Wood Mackenzie had already predicted price increases of around 9 percent for modules and storage systems starting in the fourth quarter of 2025 – an assessment that has proven too conservative with the complete elimination of subsidies.
Since nearly 90 percent of solar modules sold in Germany are of Chinese origin, Beijing's tax policies are directly reflected in end-customer prices. Market analysts anticipate a price increase of 10 to 15 percent for solar modules in the European market. For mid-range systems, typically installed on single-family homes and currently costing between €15,000 and €18,000, this translates to an additional cost of around €600. In some sub-segments, price increases of 20 to 30 percent were already observed before the effective date, as European buyers attempted to protect themselves against the anticipated price hikes by placing pre-orders.
For balcony power plants – a booming entry point into decentralized energy generation in Germany – the elimination of Chinese export subsidies means a price increase of around 10 percent, according to industry representatives. A device currently available for 600 euros could rise to as much as 660 euros by 2026. Current export prices for TOPCon modules are already between 0.09 and 0.13 US dollars per watt-peak – and trending upwards.
For large-scale systems with 15–18 kWp, a price increase of approximately 3–4% is expected, corresponding to an additional cost of around €600. Standard solar modules could become 10–15% more expensive; the absolute additional costs depend on the respective power class. Balcony power plants, which currently cost around €600, are expected to see an increase of about 10%, i.e., additional costs of around €60. Module prices (FOB, TOPCon) have already risen by up to 30% since December 2025 and are currently around USD 0.09–0.13 per watt-peak. For battery storage systems, a reduction in the subsidy from 9% to 6% is expected in 2026, leading to a gradual price increase; in 2027, the subsidy will fall to 0%, resulting in a complete price increase for storage systems.
China's decision also follows a geopolitical calculation. In a world of increasing trade tensions, US tariff increases under President Trump, and growing EU skepticism towards Chinese subsidy practices, eliminating its own export tax breaks sends a rhetorically effective signal: Beijing is pretending to become more market-compliant and to address international accusations of dumping. At the same time, the Chinese solar industry has long since achieved its strategic goals – global market penetration, cost reduction through economies of scale, and technological leadership – and no longer needs subsidies to remain unrivaled.
The complete market dominance of Chinese manufacturers remains structurally intact even after the subsidies are eliminated. No Western manufacturer has the capacity to operate the value chain from polysilicon to the finished module competitively. Even a 15 percent price increase will only bring Chinese modules back from a historically unprecedented low to a still very affordable level – the cost advantage over alternative sources remains.
Behind the operational decision to eliminate tax breaks lies a deeper strategic realignment. The Chinese government has signaled its intention to transform the solar industry from a volume-oriented mass exporter into a technology-leading, high-value segment. Liu Yiyang, Executive Secretary General of the China Photovoltaic Association, described this transformation as follows: The end of tax privileges marks the point at which the industry must prove itself in free market competition. Companies that were only viable through government subsidies will exit the market; the remaining market leaders will emerge from this consolidation phase technologically stronger and more financially stable.
In this context, the shift towards more advanced cell technologies such as TOPCon, HJT, and perovskite tandem concepts is also understandable. Where cost reductions for conventional PERC cells reach their physical limits, these technologies offer new efficiency gains and thus the basis for a renewed price offensive at a technologically higher level. China installed a new world record of 315 gigawatts in 2025 and achieved its national expansion target of 1,200 gigawatts of installed solar and wind power six years ahead of schedule in 2030.
Eliminating subsidies will not automatically solve the Neijuan problem. As long as overcapacity exists in the value chain, the structural pressure for aggressive pricing will remain – only now without government funding to cover the shortfall. The market consolidation process will be painful: analysts expect significant capacity reductions, bankruptcies of medium-sized manufacturers, and government-orchestrated mergers to bring the industry to a sustainable size.
For international buyers and project developers, this results in a significantly altered basis for calculation in the medium term. The unusually low module prices of the years 2023 to 2025 were likely not a permanent state, but rather the temporary result of a flood of prices created by industrial policy. A return to these price levels is not realistic in the medium term – even if the absolute cost reduction of the technology through further efficiency improvements will enable further price reductions in the long term.
For the European and German energy transition, this is not a catastrophe, but a significant recalibration. The economic advantages of photovoltaic systems remain even with a price increase of 10 to 15 percent, as the levelized cost of electricity is still significantly lower than that of fossil fuel alternatives. What is changing is the pervasive logic of permanent price reductions, on which many installation companies, project developers, and end customers had based their financial plans. China's new solar economy is more expensive – and more honest.
 
 

Konrad Wolfenstein
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Solar photovoltaic’s are central to NASA’s Artemis missions, serving as the primary power source for the Orion spacecraft and future Gateway lunar outpost. Orion relies on four large solar array wings, which deploy in space to generate more than 11 kW. That’s enough to power life support, navigation, and communications.
The European Service Module powering Orion features four 7-meter-long solar arrays manufactured by Airbus. These arrays convert sunlight into electricity and maintain energy supply throughout the 10-day Artemis II mission, including the lunar fly-by. They rotate on two axes to track the Sun, ensuring continuous power and charging onboard batteries for periods when the spacecraft is in shadow. Each array contains 15,000 gallium arsenide photovoltaic cells, producing roughly 11.2 kW of power.
Future Artemis missions will use Roll-Out Solar Arrays on the Gateway outpost orbiting the Moon. These flexible arrays are designed to provide reliable power for long-term operations. NASA is also developing vertical deployable solar arrays for lunar surface exploration, optimising sunlight collection at the poles where the Sun remains low on the horizon.
During the Artemis I mission, Orion’s solar arrays has so far exceeded expectations, generating 15% more power than planned, demonstrating the efficiency and resilience of the technology.
Author: Bryan Groenendaal







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The war goes on, and so does the global energy crisis. In fact, I believe that prices of oil futures remain too low given how much spot prices will need to rise to resolve the shortages that will hit once oil supplies that were shipped before the Strait of Hormuz was closed are exhausted.
But a better future is coming, despite Donald Trump’s assault on renewable energy as he tries to drag us back into the fossil fuel past. Regardless of Trump’s chest-thumping, America is not the world. We account for only 15 percent of global energy consumption, compared with China’s 28 percent. And the rest of the world is moving rapidly to renewables, thanks to a technological revolution in solar power, wind power, and, less visibly, batteries.
So let me take an optimism break and talk about why batteries may save the world.
The decline in battery prices has been incredible. It’s like nothing anyone has ever seen before. Big, strong men with tears in their eyes come up to me and say, “Sir, have you seen the progress in batteries?”:
Why does this matter?
First, cheap battery storage of electricity greatly mitigates the problem of intermittency — the sun doesn’t always shine, the wind doesn’t always blow. This was a major concern early in the renewable revolution. Some energy economists scolded me for my naïve optimism when I first wrote about solar technology way back in 2011. But solar + batteries provides round-the-clock power.
Here’s a graph of California’s electricity supply generated by renewables and batteries over the course of 24 hours on April 1 that illustrates my point:
During the middle of the day, California generates lots of electricity from solar. Much of it is poured into batteries, which provide electricity when the sun sets. Californians don’t even notice the switch.
Second, battery performance has soared as prices have plunged. Crucially, there has been a huge increase in batteries’ volumetric energy density: the amount of electricity that can be stored in a given space. Until a few years ago the energy density of gasoline gave internal combustion a huge advantage over electric vehicles. But no longer. Outside the U.S. electrification, the transition away from petroleum and towards electricity — particularly green-sourced electricity — is well underway:
Third, we should expect continuing rapid improvement in renewable energy. That’s because the progress in batteries has come from cumulative learning rather than scientific breakthroughs. Lithium-ion batteries are, in fact, a decades-old technology. Yet costs have fallen drastically and energy density risen thanks to an ongoing process of learning, which shows no sign of coming to an end.
Furthermore, we’ve seen rapid progress in all components of the green energy transformation, even though their underlying technologies have little in common. Solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries are very different, yet all have seen revolutionary improvements. This strongly suggests that the whole renewable energy complex is experiencing a virtuous circle: ever-growing use leads to falling costs and falling costs lead to ever-growing use.
If we ask where this virtuous circle is taking place, the answer is, largely in China with an assist from Europe. And the corollary is “not in America.” The United States has allowed itself to be far surpassed by China and is now only a peripheral player in the renewable revolution. Fortunately for the rest of the world, this means that the Trump administration’s hostility to renewable energy, its attempts to sabotage progress, won’t stop that revolution or even noticeably slow its momentum. True, Trump’s anti-green, pro-pollution tilt will serve to leave America further behind, but progress in fighting climate change and reducing the risks of global dependence on oil will continue.
So although we are now in the midst of a severe energy crisis that could easily go on for many months, this too shall pass. A better, cheaper, cleaner energy future is on the way, and not even Trump can stop it.
MUSICAL CODA
Trump is idolized because he re-opened the civil war, that the butthurt southern states lost but have been still fighting in cosplay for the last century and a half. It never actually ended in their minds. Time to finally nail that coffin shut.
God, finally something to smile about!
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Despite showing up at All Energy conference with a perfectly swank and expensive trade stand, it appears SMA Australia has quietly withdrawn from the Australian market.
Surely SMA haven’t gone broke? No, they’ll maintain a presence in the large scale commercial sector for solar farms.
It’s been a couple weeks since I saw a grainy photo of a PC screen which put a ripple of disbelief through solar circles, however the PDF copy obtained since is clear enough. What was once the undisputed Australian market leader in solar inverters, SMA have packed up their sales operation completely.
This is all the confirmation we have at the moment.
A foundational part of mass market solar and ongoing part of the industry furniture, SMA will be missed by the kind of people who prioritised quality and longevity.
Probably the oldest SMA I encountered – a BP Solar branded GCI200 coupled to Australian made, 75 watt frameless BP Solar panels.
Thankfully SMA are honourable enough to honour their warranties – they’re apparently maintaining a local office so everyone with a SunnyBoy/Sunny Island/Sunny Storage can still enjoy a bright outlook. Although I don’t know how “smart connected” services will work going forward.
It’s a stark contrast to Hanwha effectively abandoning Australia when they pulled the pin on Qcells.
As a sole trader I never advertised. Either I got to yarning with people or my phone simply rang because someone had recommended me. For years I simply installed SMA Sunny Boy TL5000 inverters with 20 plus panels on the roof, and they were rock solid.
Reliability personified.
The only time I weakened, a customer talked me into a cheap piece of junk, which taught me a great lesson. You should never compromise your standards because replacing a Growatt 5 times over doesn’t pay.
However none of my customers have ever rang back to complain about the stout red box on the wall, but sadly the sands of time have caught up with some of the Simax panels I’d installed with SMA inverters. The guys at Suntrix said Simax were excellent quality, but in retrospect I should have been selling REC panels.
When your panels turn out to be rubbish and the water leaks into the edges, you end up with earth faults which knobble output until they possibly dry out. The problem will only get worse and your SMA inverter will protest with a red light and an isolation error on the screen.
“Insulation resist” and the dreaded red light have brough production to a stop after 91.926MWh and 11yrs 4 days – roughly 22.85kWh/day. About the only flaw to report was an occasional screen failure simply due to age.
As SolarQuotes founder Finn Peacock commented to me about SMA recently: “they did it to themselves”. It’s a shame really, but when you’re leading the market there’s always a possibility of falling off the wheel.
As I recall, there were a few factors which may have brought SMA undone. A 2008 world economic crisis was dodged by Australia, but the German company didn’t maintain production enough to satisfy the burgeoning market here. My own house ended up with an Australian made Latronics PVE2500 because we couldn’t buy anything else.
The incredibly heavy and robust SunnyBoy 1100, 1700 & 2500, or SMC series were the industry standard for many years, but when SMA moved to transformerless topology the TL 3000, 4000 & 5000 took over everywhere. Then came the HF units for a short while.
The SMA HF3000 solar inverter.
However the real defining moment was when the German-manufactured Sunny Boy TL was superseded around 2016 by the AV 40. All of a sudden we had “premium” products that were dead on arrival. Installers were already upset that the screen had gone missing, but a ludicrous quality control failure that delivered brand new but broken inverters just torched SMA’s reputation.
I’ve never seen an AV40 catch fire but they certainly incinerated SMA’s reputation.
Everyone said screw you and your move to Chinese manufacture. Especially when there was a separate cheap brand brought out with SMA support. ZeverSolar had a short life and I’m thankful I only ever dirtied my hands on one of them.
SMA Sunny Island 48V battery inverters turned up everywhere, including this Redfow off grid system with a tonne of lead batteries in the back end.
When Fronius came out with the snapinverter range, the rest was history. While SMA had replaced the trusty and infomative LCD screen with 3 LEDs and a newfangled monitoring app, they found people just don’t like change.
Fronius had an equally good Austrian reputation and they had a better screen. With the right code installers had probably a hundred menus accessible via 4 buttons.  Solarweb online monitoring available via WiFi and no pesky bluetooth interface, it was a real winner.
It seems SMA have just lost interest in Australia. Even with the release of the new hybrid battery systems in October 2023, the EV charger wasn’t part of the Australian lineup, Though we have at least one 5 star review of it being installed.
As recently as March 2025 they were talking up a recovery after some pretty ordinary results, but it seems Australia just isn’t part of the plan.

Please leave us some comments, or better still, write a review if you have a good yarn to tell about SMA. You never know, they might come back one day.
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Anthony joined the SolarQuotes team in 2022. He’s a licensed electrician, builder, roofer and solar installer who for 14 years did jobs all over SA – residential, commercial, on-grid and off-grid. A true enthusiast with a skillset the typical solar installer might not have, his blogs are typically deep dives that draw on his decades of experience in the industry to educate and entertain. Read Anthony’s full bio.
They sound like the “Nokia” of the solar industry. There are plenty of old time installers who wax lyrical about the sunny boys, never heard one talk up anything newer from the company.
Surprised they stayed 10 years after effectively killing their product.
With the passing of the king of inverters, it begs the questions,
1. who is the successor or has the kingdom been divided between the Lords of Europe and Asia.
2. how long will they reign, hopefully much longer than the warranty period?
3. what can be learned from the king’s passing so that history does not repeat itself. SMA removed its inverter screen. What brilliant but ill-conceived idea will poison the new reign. Will it be something to do with AI, bluetooth, ethernet or VPP connection? Or is the writing on the wall for lithium?
4. what is happening to the courtiers (employees) of Australia’s SMA empire? Is SMA looking after its staff who liased with us solar peasants in the sale and maintenance of the ubiquitos red and blue boxes? Did they arrive at work to find their front door entry code no longer worked and a sign saying “the personals from your desk will be posted to your home address.”
Feel free to weigh-in. Probably, only the last question is the most pressing.
The three basic rules that apply to any business entity are the cost to get in, the cost to stay in, and the cost to get out.
Today, it is less about the hardware and more about the functionality and the interface, which can be accessed [reporting] and/or configured by the user.
I can access my solar and storage systems on my iPhone from any location with internet access. If you are not in the cloud you have nothing to offer.
Also data reliability. If you get garbage output every daymonthyear you have a blackout then the information you see will be useless, unless you actually believe your house managed GWh output one day of the year, or achieved negative output on another!
My data recorded by the retailer, inverter solar and battery are all within acceptable tolerances of each other.
Your new-fangled cloud-whatever system will suffer from its own form of technology rot way way faster than a sheet of unpainted mild steel if left on the tidal zone on a beach in a tropical area.
Still, enjoy it while you have it.
I guess SMA cost-cut themselves out of contention a long time ago.
The days of anything stamped “.. In Germany” with its implied good product design and whatever standing are long gone especially when everything is a hodge podge of bits and pieces from half a dozen or more places with dubious QC.
And then consider your shiny new Internet everywhere connected kit is only ever as good as the weakest link. And so much of these weak links are often software – usually in the form of crappy software locked inside Bluetooth or wifi modules or other embedded components that simply can’t be updated in the field. That’s the start of the rot right there.
In top of that add the cloud based systems needed to make all that work cost a ton of money to build and run.
I have an SMA Sunnyboy SB1100 Inverter, quietly doing the business since March 2008 without problems, producing some 20,066kWh worth of green electrons and STILL going strong, a testament to ‘Made in Germany’ quality.
Their greed was a contributor as well. No more Primo’s. In stead, you had to buy an expensive GEN 24 with fan failures. Deye was such a cheaper option and with SMA staying power.
I have 3.3Kw of REC Solar Panels paired with SMA TL4000 which ahs been running flawlessly since April 2011. Over 65,000Kwh produced in that time in Geelong VIC
Staff probably saw the recent industry growth and left leaving SMA with fewer staff and they found it hard to attract people. A dying star.
This is like the former car industry. And it will be what happens to the US car giants. Chinese supply with lower costs and improved tech will kill the noble. Cost competition destroys originators and those that sell at high prices by selling fear. Just as japanese cars were surpassed by korean cars and now china dominates. No us car giant can recover. They wind back and collapse. Not just in production scale but with tech development and improvements.
All things solar are headed that way. Fight it or flight it ! So many sales pitches for anything solar start and end with fear of cheap chinese quality. A few years ago you couldn’t give away some cars made in china. I see the solar industry heading this way..
I had a great run with an SMA TL5000 inverter. The company went quietly belly up in 2016 or 2017, which wasn’t surprising considering the abysmal initial install job. Something caused all 14 panels to get hot spots in the middle going into bypass and robbing the system of much needed voltage output. But it soldiered on until a few years ago when something fell out of the sky and totaled one panel, which tried to catch fire and burn my shed. It is current off line until I can find one or more panels and get it going again. I was glad that I insisted on the SMA Inverter which still should be capable of going back into service. One right choice out of 3 with the Hyundai panels with no warranty as the dodgy company direct imported them, and the crap install finally fixed a month after the initial switch on. approved by an electrical inspector who never visited the property and a supervising electrician who was never on site for the installation..
Sounds like you had a crappy time for the original install – a good example of the reasons we have the current regime of daily limits and photographic proof for the current process for installing systems!
I got 20 Les of solar installed in 2012(10 on the house and shed) using SMA inverters here in Melbourne.Still going strong
The end was nigh when SMA handed production to the Chinese. An inevitable result is my opinion,as they put profit over good performance.
Tried a couple of times about wanting to buy and connect a 20kwh sodium ion battery. Found the battery they don’t call back of even reply via email. Try and find a company to install a sodium ion battery, yeah I get they are not up to that technology. Sorry, but it is already here and CATL the largest battery producer in China has already developed Sodium Ion batteries for EV’s. Many installers say they are also booked till September. What I also want is to add an additional 4kw of solar panels to my existing array. So here we are at a dead end with an additional 4kw of solar panels and a 20kwh sodium ion battery and not an installer to be had. So much for the green dream.
There are no sodium batteries approved for residential use as yet in Australia – to the best of my knowledge.
So you might have to wait a while if that’s what you want. Unless you are an “early adopter” willing to deal with any teething problems, it might also be wise to wait a while even after they are approved.
Please keep the SolarQuotes blog constructive and useful with these 5 rules:
1. Real names are preferred – you should be happy to put your name to your comments.
2. Put down your weapons.
3. Assume positive intention.
4. If you are in the solar industry – try to get to the truth, not the sale.
5. Please stay on topic.



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You’ve finally got the full trifecta – a rooftop solar panel system feeding a home backup battery that charges your EV. Heck, you’ve even got a bidirectional EV that can send power back to the house when you need it. Now the real question: are you actually saving any money?
Last week, microgrid expert and GM Energy employee Jim Reilly took to LinkedIn to share his personal experience with a whole home electrification setup that includes both a GM Energy home backup battery and a GMC Sierra EV powered by electrons generated by his rooftop solar array – and he’s coming out way ahead.
“Lots of discussions on how tensions in Iran threaten a gas price surge,” writes Reilly, in his original “Energy Dominance” post. “The cost of a ‘full tank’ of gas is unpredictable. Here’s my math on a ‘full tank’ so I can check in on this in a few months, to see if these numbers spread even further, driving more people to an electric vehicle.”
⛽ Gas (24 gal at $4/gal): $96 per fill-up.
🔌 Public EV (200 kWh at $0.48/kWh): $96.00 per fill-up.
🏠 Home EV (PSE at $0.14/kWh): $28.00 per fill-up.
☀️ Solar EV (if sized larger correctly for your home): $0.00 (Locked-in independence).
JIM REILLY
Juicing up the massive 205 kWh Max Range battery in the GMC Sierra EV for less than $30 is a game changer in a world with $5 gas and $7 diesel – especially in light of the the truck platform’s record-setting range, and the fact that gas and diesel prices don’t seem to be coming down anytime soon.
As Reilly points out, the real benefit of pairing an EV with a home solar system is the ability to make your own fuel, and help set the price of refueling by selecting when you want to charge, when you can, and storing the most affordable energy in your batteries for use later. And, for his part, he absolutely gets it.
Head over to Jim Reilly’s LinkedIn account and follow along for more solar and fuel cost comparisons, as well as more of his work compiling and analyzing his home solar data and energy savings, then let us know if you’ve got your own, similar data to share with us in the comments.
If you’re curious how this math plays out in the weeks ahead, Reilly says he’ll keep documenting his home setup’s performance and sharing more details and cost comparisons on his LinkedIn account. Accounts like his are great because they’re not just theory – they’re real-world examples of how a whole home setup like Jim’s can work.
While Reilly’s setup seems to be working incredibly well for him, your home, battery, EV, and driving habits might be dramatically different. If you’re considering following in his footsteps, talking to a qualified professional installer can help you understand what’s being offered and how a given deal is being structured. Take the information they give you to an accountant or trusted financial expert to understand what’s real, what’s marketing, and what actually makes sense for you — and if there’s money on the table in the form of local utility incentives or tax credits, make sure you don’t leave it there.
Unless, you know, you don’t actually care about money.
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Japanese researchers developed a molybdenum-based spin-flip emitter that efficiently harvests triplet excitons from singlet-fission tetracene dimers, producing strong near-infrared emission. This approach could boost solar cell efficiency and enable new quantum technologies by converting otherwise “dark” excitons into usable light.
Researchers successfully capture singlet-fission–amplified excitons with a molybdenum-based emitter, achieving 130% quantum yield and opening a path beyond solar cell efficiency limits.
Image: Kyushu University
A research team at Kyushu University in Japan has reported a breakthrough that could steer photovoltaic technology past long‑standing efficiency barriers by harnessing a quantum process known as singlet fission (SF).
Singlet exciton fission is an effect seen in certain materials whereby a single photon can generate two electron-hole pairs as it is absorbed into a solar cell rather than the usual one. The effect has been observed by scientists as far back as the 1970s and though it has become an important area of research for some of the world’s leading institutes over the past decade; translating the effect into a viable solar cell has proved complex.
Singlet fission solar cells can produce two electrons from one photon, making the cell more efficient. This happens through a quantum mechanical process where one singlet exciton (an electron-hole pair) is split into two triplet excitons. By pairing SF with a specially designed spin‑flip molybdenum‑based complex, the scientists demonstrated energy conversion and harvesting in solution with an effective quantum yield of around 130%.
“The applications of this work in solar cells will require integrating singlet-fission (SF) materials with spin-flip emitters in solid-state systems,” Nobuo Kimizuka, lead author of the study, told pv magazine. “As fundamental research, our first step is to develop high-efficiency SF and spin-flip emitters with well-controlled energy levels and luminescence quantum yields in solid-state environments, and then evaluate the performance of these integrated systems.”
“We are actively working on building a higher-performance solid-state system,” he added. “Achieving robust performance in solid-state solar cells remains a challenge, but we expect the efficiency to surpass that of conventional SF technology alone. This approach, which multiplies photons and converts otherwise ‘dark’ triplet excitons into light, could open the door to new quantum technologies such as quantum sensors and exciton circuits, while also contributing to the design of next-generation quantum materials.”
The team developed a molybdenum-based spin-flip emitter that selectively captures the energy of triplet excitons before they dissipate. Its molecular design allows electron spin to flip during near-infrared (NIR) light absorption or emission, enabling more efficient harvesting of the multiple excitons generated by singlet fission.
Further analysis showed that sensitization efficiency depends heavily on the structure of the linker connecting tetracene units. The linker dictates not only the spatial arrangement and electronic coupling of the chromophores but also the exchange interaction within the correlated triplet pair. Variations in linker length, rigidity, and conjugation can significantly affect the rate and yield of triplet energy transfer to the spin-flip emitter, influencing both efficiency and the dynamics of the singlet fission process.
“The methodology we developed for assessing doublet yields provides a practical way to estimate triplet yields of SF dimers, even in systems with complex energy-transfer pathways involving both correlated and free triplets,” Kimizuka explained. “Reducing losses from correlated triplet-pair recombination requires either rapid separation into long-lived multiexcitons or faster triplet transfer to an acceptor molecule, achievable through careful energy-level design in oligomers or solid-state structures.”
“With a versatile selection of central metals, including chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, and tunable ligands informed by Tanabe–Sugano diagrams and ligand-field theory, spin-flip emitters show strong potential as NIR-emitting materials for efficient triplet extraction, especially with recent advances in air-stable designs,” he added.
The interface design will be critical for converting triplet excitons generated by tetracene singlet fission into charge carriers on the silicon solar cell surface. “In SF-sensitized silicon cells, one major source of energy loss is transfer from the SF molecule to silicon via its excited singlet state,” Kimizuka noted. “Our proof-of-concept method blocks these loss pathways, enabling selective extraction of the excited triplet states originating from singlet fission.”
The research findings are available in the study “Exploring Spin-State Selective Harvesting Pathways from Singlet Fission Dimers to a Near-Infrared-Emissive Spin-Flip Emitter,” published in the Journal of the Chemical American Society.
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DARIEN — A field full of solar panels in rural Walworth County could soon sprout a natural gas-fueled power plant. The planned Foundry Ridge Energy Center is now in the environmental review stage.
The proposed power plant near Darien from energy developer Invenergy aims to provide 324 megawatts of power during peak energy usage times. Some neighbors who live next to the proposed site are not happy about the potential development.
Watch: Darien neighbors worried about planned power plant:
“It’s difficult when you choose how you want to raise your family and this gets slammed at us,” said Cheryl Simer, who lives within walking distance of the potential Foundry Ridge site. “Don’t put this in our yards. Don’t put this within a half a mile of anyone’s home.”
“We don’t want to see this monstrosity in our community,” said Hannah Schlick, who lives across Turtle Creek from the solar fields and Foundry Ridge site. “We don’t want to deal with the potential impact of our air quality, our wells, and our water quality.”
TMJ4 asked Invenergy what the impacts of the project would be if it is approved by the Public Service Commission of Wisconsin.
In a statement, they said:
The statement continued:
The Public Service Commission is taking comments from the public on the Foundry Ridge proposal until April 24. You can share your feedback by clicking here.

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LEXINGTON, Ky. (WKYT) – The Lexington City Council is taking another look Thursday night at a ground lease for a solar farm on the Haley Pike landfill after tabling the item at its last meeting.
The Lexington Model Airplane Club, which sits on the Haley Pike landfill, could be kicked out by a 357-acre solar farm. Lexington’s City Council postponed a lease agreement to Edelen Renewables earlier this month, but it is back on the table.
A former member of the airplane club and STEM leader in Lexington is proposing sharing the land.
“It’s worth giving up a little bit of solar energy to keep this around,” said Keith Hollifield, chief toy maker for Newton’s Attic.
Hollifield created a plan for a smaller solar farm, which would allow the airfield to stay, while also partnering with Newton’s Attic to build a STEM park.
Newton’s Attic is a STEM education nonprofit that offers hands-on project-based learning. The organization has been providing STEM education resources in Lexington for 27 years, but is limited by ground and air space at its current location near Blue Grass Airport.
“This is the perfect place to do it because we can literally hit the ground running; it is ready to go today,” Hollifield said.
Hollifield said the 680-acre former landfill has room for more than just a solar farm.
“We need to be careful what we take away in advancing these other initiatives, and I think what we’re giving up here is simply too much. A slightly smaller solar farm, plus this is way better, infinitely better,” Hollifield said.
He hopes the council will at least find a solar company willing to compromise.
“No one has said that if you don’t figure it out, you can’t do the project. No one has really put their feet to the fire, that’s what I’m asking the council to do: essentially say that,” Hollifield said.
Leaders at Edelen Renewables state that they have been collaborating with the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government on this proposal since July 2025. COO Amy Samples said when the city opened the request for proposal, they marked all 357 acres as available.
“With the proposal having been marked as ‘land available for solar development,’ our proposal did respond to that,” Samples said.
Samples said even with two weeks to reconsider a shared-use project after the council tabled the decision, she said it’s not feasible. She cited overall costs, insurance concerns, and optimal panel layout.
“Even if our project did scale based on our outstanding results from the Kentucky Utilities Project, this parcel remains pretty integral to the success of this project,” Samples said.
The LFUCG Council meeting starts at 6 p.m. Thursday at the Government Center.
Copyright 2026 WKYT. All rights reserved.

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A German research team has developed CuInSe₂ micro-concentrator solar cells using laser-assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition to grow indium islands directly on molybdenum-coated glass, forming absorber arrays without masks or patterning. The not-yet-optimized micro-modules achieved up to 0.65% efficiency under one sun, with gains of up to 250% under concentrated illumination.
Schematic of the CuInSe2 micro-solar cell
Image: Universität Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, CC BY 4.0
A research team in Germany has developed a copper, indium, selenium (CuInSe₂) micro-concentrator solar device composed of vertically grown absorber islands on a molybdenum (Mo) films.
The scientists used laser-assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (LA-MOCVD) to grow indium (In) islands in a bottom-up approach, instead of depositing a continuous thin film and subsequently patterning it. “The primary novelty of our work is the use of a LA-MOCVD method for the bottom-up growth of indium precursor islands,” corresponding author Jan Berger told pv magazine. “This approach proved to be a fast and reliable technique for simultaneous local growth, importantly offering the possibility to add gallium and copper locally using the same method.”
“The most unexpected finding was that the indium precursor islands formed distinct cluster structures that remained pinned in place, refusing to coalesce into a single large island – even after annealing above the melting temperature of indium,” he added. “Furthermore, it was surprising to see that the structural features of these precursor islands remained clearly visible even after the selenization process.”
Device fabrication begins with glass substrates coated with Mo, which are then processed by LA-MOCVD. In this step, a laser array locally heats the substrate. It decomposes the precursor gas only at defined spots, forming a 7 × 7 array of indium islands without the need for masks or patterning. A thin copper layer is subsequently deposited, and the stack is selenized to form CuInSe₂ absorber islands.
Image: Universität Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, CC BY 4.0
Afterward, the samples are etched to remove unwanted material, coated with photoresist for electrical isolation, and patterned with a laser to form openings. The solar cell is then completed by depositing a cadmium sulfide (CdS) buffer layer, followed by intrinsic zinc oxide (i-ZnO) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) window layers. Finally, each array of 49 micro-cells is contacted and measured as a single module, with a device structure of glass/Mo/CIS absorber/ cadmium sulfide (CdS)/i-ZnO/AZO.
Overall, the team produced nine micro-modules and tested four of them. Initial measurements were conducted under one sun, followed by increasing intensities up to 17 suns to simulate concentrator conditions. These not-yet-optimized arrays achieved a conversion efficiency of up to 0.65% under one sun, with efficiency rising under higher illumination—gains of around 60% at lower concentrations and up to 250% at 17 suns.
“Functional devices were successfully produced, but notable key challenges were identified, particularly related to the intensity distribution of diffractive optical element (DOE), the initial morphology of indium islands, and process repeatability. Addressing these challenges in terms of material quality and process control is essential,” the team explained. “Once resolved, the LA-MOCVD method holds significant promise as a rapid and resource-efficient production technique for next-generation micro-concentrator photovoltaics.”
The new cell concept was presented in “CuInSe2-based micro-concentrator solar cells fabricated from In islands grown by laser-assisted MO-CVD,” published in Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. Scientists from Germany’s University of Duisburg-Essen, the Leibniz Institute for Crystal Growth, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, and the engineering company Bestec have participated in the study.
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TOLEDO, Ohio (WTVG) – People living in Toledo’s Old South End are worried about what will happen if their greenery gets replaced by a proposed solar field.
Neighbors say the site a developer is eyeing is filled with trees, plants, and animals. They’re concerned about the effects a solar field might have on the wildlife.
Rachel Shoup says she walks with her children along Lotus Avenue every day. It’s on their route to school, but they also often stop and admire the wildlife in the field that sits in between Lotus Avenue and the Maumee River.
“They see wild turkeys down there, they see deer down there, we’ve eagles, foxes, rabbits, you name it, they’re down there,” Shoup said.
When Shoup and her family heard that the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commission was hearing a case on whether to approve building a solar field in that space, they were frustrated.
“It won’t be as pretty and there won’t be as much nature,” said Zoey, Shoup’s 13-year-old daughter.
Other neighbors living on Lotus Avenue had similar thoughts about the wildlife.
“My concern is a lot for the migrating birds,” said Penny Noyes, who lives on Lotus Avenue.
Noyes questioned whether solar panels may confuse birds flying overhead, who may mistake them for the river.
The Historic South Initiative, a nonprofit that fixes up homes in the Old South End, is the one planning the solar field. In its proposal to the plan commission, leaders wrote that they want to use 4.6 acres for a standalone solar field.
The Historic South Initiative would sell the energy at a reduced price. That money would fund the group’s improvement projects.
Sue Terrill grew up right next to the greenery near Lotus Avenue.
“We’re not against the solar panels, we’re against the location against the river and for the neighbors,” Terrill said.
Her concerns about the proposed solar field led her to create fliers about the situation. She’s also spreading the word about a meeting with residents and the Historic South Initiative. It’s set for Monday, April 6 at 6 p.m. at the South Branch Library.
The Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commission pushed back its vote on the case until after the Historic South Initiative meets with residents.
The Plan Commission is expected to vote on the case during its meeting on April 9.
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Nick Gier in “Opinion: Solar energy surges in developing nations” (Daily News, March 17/19) states that the scrapping of the 2009 EPA endangerment finding does “not address the overwhelming evidence against the dangers of CO2 emissions.”
I would encourage him to do some research on CO2. We all breathe out several pounds of CO2 every day. CO2 in ambient air is not a health problem. It’s not visible and is vital for plant growth. Without significant CO2 in our air, we would not have food to live on. Plants for the most part would thrive even better if the percent of CO2 in the air were several times higher.
The air pollution Gier talked about in his column for the most part was not CO2 but particulate caused by a number of primitive activities such as cooking and heat over an open fire, using animal dung as fuel, using engines that did a poor job of combusting the fuel, poor farm practices and more. This kind of air pollution is cleaned up by developing nations as they are able to afford cleaner, more efficient practices of burning fuel of all kinds and having funds to spend on upgrading various primitive operations from farming practices to mining and home heating. Green energy programs, when done efficiently, are one way to reduce air pollution but more efficient combustion of fossil fuels is also a way, which is economically and environmentally more efficient, especially in those parts of the Earth that do not consistently get direct sunlight and adequate daily wind. Hydropower is a dependable green energy that is not included in what is said here.
The biggest problems with wind and solar energy are: 1) the environmental problems associated with mining for the basic materials to make the panels and turbines, 2) the intermittent aspect of these energy sources, 3) the huge amounts of land required, 4) they are relatively short-lived and 5) associated environmental drawbacks such as waste disposal and the killing of relatively large numbers of birds in their operation.
I am not a climate change denier but I am a realist. I would love to see green energy become economically viable but until we can harvest solar energy in space and transmit it cost-efficiently 24/7 to Earth, green energy, whether solar or wind, is going to be a niche energy source that is economically and environmentally viable only in limited cases.
The United States and some other developed countries have spent trillions of dollars attempting to replace conventional energy sources with green energy. Worldwide there has been limited success because of the drawbacks mentioned above. Since wind and solar energy harvested on Earth is intermittent, power companies must have backup energy to supply the needed energy when there is no sun and the wind is not blowing. This typically means having fossil fuel or nuclear power plants as the backup energy source since we have not yet developed batteries that can economically handle the needed storage. Thus power companies are forced to pay for both energy sources, which is far more expensive than either one alone and raises rates for all. In addition, the energy needed for mining and manufacturing solar panels and wind turbines, which is significant, at this time must be drawn from fossil fuels.
As a result of these drawbacks, less than 10% of U.S. energy is from solar and wind at this time, in spite of the huge investments toward conversion. Europe, especially Germany, has also made huge expenditures into green energy with negative success, resulting in large increases in the cost of public energy in general and significant weakening of their economies. California in the U.S. is a good case study of the failure of green energy to live up to expectations. I am all for technology that will help clean up and maintain a healthy environment but it will not happen unless it is economically viable in either developing or developed countries.
To my knowledge, none of the large AI facilities being built or planned, which require huge amounts of energy, will be powered even in part by green energy. This is because the energy source for these facilities must be dependable 24/7 and green energy is definitely not at this time.
I encourage Nick Gier and others to keep pushing research for green energy solutions but to recognize the truth that green energy is only a niche solution at this time and it will not allow developing countries to achieve developed status.
Kirkland is a retired environmental engineer and businessman, spending time at the University of Idaho, Washington State University and the Moscow Recycling Center. He also participated on the Moscow City Council and was an elder at various churches for more than 40 years.

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Top Stories Of The Day: Cosmic PV Files ₹640 Cr IPO; Neuron Launches BESS Facility and More…  SolarQuarter
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“We cut everything we didn’t need … to make the molecule as compact as possible.”
Photo Credit: iStock
Researchers at the University of California, Santa Barbara, have made a solar battery that can store and discharge heat energy under sunlight, setting the stage for a new kind of power generation and storage system without panels. 
As doctoral student and lead study author Han Nguyen explained in a news release, the process is similar to photochromic sunglasses, which adapt to light conditions. 
“That kind of reversible change is what we’re interested in,” Nguyen added. “Only instead of changing color, we want to use the same idea to store energy, release it when we need it, and then reuse the material over and over.”
The secret is chemical bonds that can discharge heat on demand as part of a “liquid” battery, which can store energy for years. It’s an impressive device with double the energy density — the amount of electricity stored per pound — of common lithium-ion packs. 
If successfully developed, the innovation could provide an energy storage solution without arrays, heavy batteries, or the electric grid. The reusable and recyclable invention was referenced as a “concept” in the report. 
To unlock the ability, researchers are using a modified organic molecule called pyrimidone, which is structurally similar to a component in DNA. When exposed to ultraviolet light, it changes structure as part of a reversible process. The team examined how the molecule works and why it can remain stable for so long.
Pyrimidone is springlike when hit with sunlight, and it twists into a “high-energy shape.” It remains locked until a catalyst triggers it to snap back, releasing heat energy. 
“We prioritized a lightweight, compact molecule design,” Nguyen said in the release. “We cut everything we didn’t need … to make the molecule as compact as possible.”
The prototype passed a crucial benchmark by boiling water. This opens the door for various heating applications at off-grid sites or in residential buildings. It’s an exciting entry in the development log for molecular solar thermal research, according to the scientists. 
“Boiling water is an energy-intensive process,” Nguyen said. “The fact that we can boil water under ambient conditions is a big achievement.”
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Pairing solar panels with energy-efficient tech is a great way to augment the savings. Upgrading aging HVAC systems is a great place to start, and TCD’s partner Mitsubishi can help you find the right heat pump for your home at the right price. 
The Palmetto Home app is another great resource that unlocks up to $5,000 in rewards to spend on home upgrades, earned by taking some simple, smart actions in everyday life.
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RIESEL, Texas (KWTX) – A nonprofit is partnering with solar farms across the nation to set up bee hives on small plots of land, providing therapy for veterans and first responders while supporting pollinator populations.
At the Roseland Solar Farm in Riesel veterans and first responders are paired with experienced beekeepers to care for the bee hives on the site and harvest their honey.
“Our mission at Hives for Heroes is to save bees and save lives,” said Steve Jimenez, president and founder of Hives for Heroes.
Jimenez, a veteran himself, explains that he wanted to find a way to help others who may be struggling.
“We have an extremely high suicide rate, you know 4x the normal rate of society,” he shared.
At Hives for Heroes, participants are given a new purpose… saving the declining bee population.
Jesse Puckett with the renewable energy company Enel said when construction started on the Roseland Solar Farm, they began looking for a beekeeping partner.
“We were looking for ways to increase biodiversity on our site. You know through our sustainability initiatives a lot of our work is supporting pollinator friendly habitats,” Puckett said.
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That’s how they found Hives for Heroes, approaching them in 2024.
“One of the things that we were looking for is a partner that has really great community influence,” Puckett shared, “Hives for Heroes really checks a lot of those boxes for us so it’s a really great partner for us to have.”
The site now has a fully functioning hive that makes honey and pollinates the surrounding area.
“We have about 4×4 square foot, which is all we need! Which is wonderful cause then the bees take the rest of the land,” Jimenez said.
Jimenez says for many veterans and first responders the hands-on work has become a passion, adding that they’re now helping educate others.
“Other veterans and first responders, even schools, have come out to see the bees,” he shared, “we put them in the gear and they go through like inspections for example, and they’re educating the community and that’s a huge component of the outreach.”.
Hives for Heroes currently has bee hives at two Enel solar farms in Texas, one here in Central Texas and another near Bryan-College Station.
Both Jimenez and Puckett said they hope to grow that number over the next few years.
“We would love to see how our projects can continue to provide that land access, which is a barrier for many that are looking to get into beekeeping,” Puckett said.
Those interested can sign up here. No experience is needed as the organization provides all training for free.
Copyright 2026 KWTX. All rights reserved.
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Scientific Reports volume 16, Article number: 10336 (2026) Cite this article
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Accurate photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting is essential for grid operation but remains difficult due to nonlinear multi-scale dynamics and seasonal distribution shifts. This work presents MKAN-iTransformer, a cascaded framework that integrates two existing components—the Multi-Scale Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (MKAN) for scale-aware temporal representation learning and iTransformer for variable-wise attention and inter-variable dependency modeling—under a 15-minute single-step setting. Experiments on a real-world 30 MW PV plant dataset from the Chinese State Grid Renewable Energy Generation Forecasting Competition use chronological splits within each season. MKAN-iTransformer achieves the best overall performance in spring, autumn, and winter. In spring, it reaches MSE=2.892, RMSE=1.701, MAE=0.864, and ({R^{2}}=0.947), improving over LSTM by 23.5%/12.5%/20.5% (MSE/RMSE/MAE). In autumn, it attains MSE=2.884, RMSE=1.698, MAE=0.774, and ({R^{2}}=0.962), reducing errors vs. iTransformer by 16.5%/8.7%/12.4%. In winter, it achieves MSE=1.721, RMSE=1.312, MAE=0.443, and ({R^{2}}=0.969), yielding 81.6%/57.1%/71.9% error reductions vs. Transformer. Ablation further confirms the complementarity between MKAN and iTransformer and shows that direct KAN integration can be unstable under winter shifts (KAN-iTransformer: MSE=7.082, ({R^{2}}=0.872)).
Amid escalating global climate change, transforming energy structures and accelerating renewable energy adoption have become shared priorities worldwide¹. The growing electricity demand drives increasing renewable power requirements², motivated by the carbon neutrality and eco-friendliness of renewable energy sources (RESs) compared to fossil fuels³. Empirical studies report negative associations between carbon emissions and renewable energy consumption, indicating emissions decrease as per-capita renewable energy use increases^4,5.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), renewables are expected to supply 42% of global electricity generation between 2023 and 2028, with solar and wind contributing 25%⁶. Photovoltaic (PV) generation, as representative green technology, has experienced rapid expansion. Global PV installed capacity continues growing with steadily rising power system share⁷. While large-scale PV integration brings substantial environmental benefits, it introduces new operational challenges⁸.
The primary challenge stems from PV output variability. PV generation is highly sensitive to meteorological conditions—irradiance, temperature, humidity, and wind speed—whose nonlinear and time-varying nature creates pronounced fluctuations and uncertainty⁹. This uncertainty complicates grid dispatch, increases storage and flexibility requirements, and affects electricity market operations^10,11. Therefore, accurate PV power forecasting is essential for secure and efficient power system operation¹² and supports downstream decision-making including operational management and demand response¹³.
These observations motivate a design that (i) captures multi-scale temporal dynamics of PV series and (ii) models cross-variable dependencies among meteorological inputs and historical power, while supporting transparent analysis. We develop MKAN-iTransformer, integrating Multi-Scale Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (MKAN)¹⁴ with iTransformer¹⁵. MKAN provides multi-scale temporal representation learning with explicit functional structure, while iTransformer models inter-variable dependencies through variable-wise attention, together targeting robust and interpretable PV forecasting.
Contributions. Our main contributions are:
Cascaded forecasting framework. We develop MKAN-iTransformer, cascading multi-scale temporal representation learning with variable-wise attention for 15-minute single-step PV power prediction.
Season-wise chronological evaluation. Beyond overall test splits, we evaluate models within each season using chronological splits, making seasonal robustness and failure modes explicit.
Comprehensive KAN-enhanced baseline construction and evaluation. We systematically construct KAN/MKAN-augmented variants of recurrent and attention-based baseline architectures and establish unified benchmarking framework with consistent preprocessing, training, and evaluation protocols, enabling fair comparison and demonstrating the broad applicability of interpretable neural components in PV forecasting.
Interpretability analysis. We provide multi-scale time-frequency decomposition, learned KAN function inspection, and attention visualization for transparent explanations.
PV power forecasting has progressed from physics-driven and classical statistical models to modern machine learning and deep learning pipelines, largely driven by the need to handle nonlinearity, non-stationarity, and regime shifts.
Physical and statistical models. Early forecasting relied on physical simulation using meteorological inputs and device characteristics, which can be physically meaningful but often requires high-quality inputs and detailed plant specifications, limiting scalability in practice^9,12. Classical statistical models (e.g., ARMA/ARIMA and regression families) exploit temporal correlations and can perform well under relatively stable conditions; for instance, regression combined with numerical weather prediction has shown robust hourly forecasting¹⁶. However, abrupt ramps and distribution shifts common in PV generation challenge these assumptions and motivate more flexible nonlinear approaches.
Machine learning approaches. Conventional ML methods improved nonlinear mapping from weather variables to PV output, including linear regression and ensemble methods such as random forests and gradient boosting^17,18. Support vector regression has also been adopted for high-dimensional nonlinear forecasting^17,19. Despite progress, many ML pipelines rely on handcrafted features and can degrade under seasonal and weather-regime shifts, encouraging end-to-end deep architectures with better representation learning.
RNN-based models. LSTM and GRU variants have been widely used to capture temporal dependencies in PV forecasting^20,21,22. Performance gains have been reported via parallel structures, feature selection, CNN integration, and attention augmentation^20,23,24,25. Nevertheless, RNN-based components remain sequential and may become computational bottlenecks for long contexts, while their ability to explicitly model cross-variable interactions is often limited.
Hybrid CNN-RNN architectures. CNN-LSTM and related hybrids seek to combine local pattern extraction and temporal modeling²⁶, with variants replacing standard CNN blocks by temporal convolutional networks to improve receptive fields and parallelism²⁷. Attention mechanisms are frequently introduced for feature weighting and fusion; for example, dual-stream CNN-LSTM with self-attention has been reported to improve accuracy on PV datasets²⁸. However, these hybrids may still struggle to represent multi-scale behaviors spanning intra-hour variability to seasonal cycles, and they often treat heterogeneous meteorological variables as homogeneous inputs without an explicit variable-wise dependency mechanism.
Transformer-based architectures. Transformers have enabled stronger long-range dependency modeling for time series, with forecasting-oriented variants targeting efficiency and inductive biases. Informer reduces attention complexity via ProbSparse attention with (O(L log L)) behavior²⁹; Autoformer and FEDformer incorporate decomposition and frequency-aware mechanisms to better capture trend/seasonality^30,31. In PV-specific contexts, multi-scale and hybrid designs combine Transformers with CNNs/GRUs or decomposition modules^32,33,34, and domain-enhanced Transformers inject domain knowledge or nonlinear dependency modeling to improve robustness^35,36. The iTransformer introduces an inverted design that treats variables (rather than time steps) as tokens, enabling efficient variable-wise attention for cross-variable dependency modeling¹⁵, which is particularly relevant for PV forecasting where meteorological drivers and historical power jointly determine future output.
Multi-scale pattern recognition. PV generation exhibits multi-scale dynamics (diurnal cycles, intra-hour fluctuations, and weather-driven ramps), motivating multi-resolution modeling through decomposition, frequency-aware transformations, or multi-scale feature extraction. Interpretable deep learning pipelines have been proposed to disentangle multi-scale solar radiation variations while retaining predictive accuracy (e.g., reporting (R^2=0.97))³⁷. Yet, many approaches increase architectural complexity and do not always provide transparent, component-wise explanations that remain stable across operating regimes.
Interpretability requirements in energy systems. For energy applications, interpretability supports operational decision-making and stakeholder trust, but many deep models remain black boxes; moreover, attention weights alone do not guarantee faithful explanations. This motivates exploring model families with more explicit functional forms.
Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KAN) for interpretable learning. KANs parameterize multivariate mappings via sums of learned univariate functions, often implemented with spline-based learnable functions, offering a potentially more inspectable representation than standard MLP layers³⁸. Recent surveys summarize rapid development of KAN variants and applications (e.g., TKAN, Wav-KAN, DeepOKAN) and discuss their empirical strengths^38,39. Theoretical extensions such as KKANs further improve robustness and approximation behavior⁴⁰. For temporal data, KAN-based time series modeling has been explored, including general demonstrations and targeted work on bridging accuracy and interpretability in time series settings^41,42. KAN integration with dynamical systems has also been studied via KAN-ODEs⁴³. More recently, multi-scale KAN variants (MKAN) have been proposed to better capture mixed-frequency behaviors in temporal signals¹⁴. Despite these developments, systematic integration of KAN-style multi-scale representations with state-of-the-art variable-wise attention, and task-specific interpretability validation for PV forecasting, remains limited.
Many PV forecasting studies emphasize aggregate metrics, which can obscure failure modes under seasonal regime shifts. Seasonal variability changes irradiance, temperature, and daylight duration, making season-wise evaluation important for deployment^9,12. However, evaluation protocols and baselines are often inconsistent across model families, hindering fair comparison and limiting insights into robustness under regime transitions.
The above literature motivates four gaps addressed in this work:
Architectural integration gap: limited evidence on combining multi-scale temporal representations with explicit variable-wise attention for PV forecasting^14,15.
Interpretability integration gap: insufficient task-specific validation of interpretability when integrating KAN-style components with attention-based architectures^38,39.
Evaluation methodology gap: limited systematic assessment under seasonal regime shifts^9,12.
Benchmarking consistency gap: inconsistent protocols across model families impede fair comparison and understanding of when interpretable neural components help²¹.
Building on existing components^14,15, our MKAN-iTransformer focuses on principled integration of MKAN-style multi-scale representation learning with variable-wise attention, accompanied by systematic seasonal evaluation and interpretability-oriented analyses to clarify both strengths and limitations under different regimes.
The photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting task aims to predict the near-future output power of a PV plant based on historical multivariate time series observations. Let the historical observation sequence be
where (x_t in mathbb {R}^d) denotes the d-dimensional feature vector at time step t.
In this study, we consider single-step forecasting with a 15-minute horizon (sampling interval = 15 minutes). Therefore, the forecasting horizon is (h=1), and the prediction target is the PV power at the next time step:
The input variables include total solar irradiance, direct normal irradiance, global horizontal irradiance, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and historical PV power. The target variable is the PV plant output power at the next 15-minute step.
The Multi-Scale Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (MKAN) module is designed to efficiently capture complex, multi-scale temporal dependencies in multivariate time series forecasting. The overall structure is illustrated in Fig. 1 and consists of the following key components.
Overall architecture of the Multi-Scale Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (MKAN) module. The left part shows the hierarchical residual structure with stacked TimeKAN blocks, each extracting features at different scales through multi-scale patching (MSP) modules. The right part details the patching, encoding, KAN-based transformation, decoding, and unpatching process within each MSP block. Cumulative addition and subtraction operations are used to aggregate both local and global temporal features.
Multi-scale patching: Given an input sequence (X in mathbb {R}^{T times d}), we divide it into S sets of patches at different temporal scales, where the s-th scale consists of (N_s) patches of length (l_s):
Patch encoder: Each patch is mapped to a latent embedding via a learnable encoder:
where (operatorname {Enc}_s) denotes the patch encoder for scale s.
KAN-based Transformation: Each scale has a dedicated Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (KAN) block to transform the encoded patch embedding:
where (operatorname {KAN}_s) is the KAN subnetwork for the s-th scale.
Patch decoder: The transformed embeddings are decoded back to the temporal domain:
Feature aggregation: The reconstructed patches are reassembled to form multi-scale feature maps, which are then aggregated (e.g., by summation or concatenation) to obtain the final sequence representation:
where (operatorname {Agg}) denotes the aggregation operation across scales.
Forecasting head: The aggregated features are passed to a forecasting head to generate the final prediction:
The overall output of the MKAN module can be summarized as a weighted sum of KAN transformations across all scales:
where (phi _{s,n}(cdot )) represents the output of the KAN subnetwork for the n-th patch at scale s, (alpha _{s,n}) are learnable weights, and b is a bias term.
A major advantage of the MKAN module is its interpretability. Each KAN block is inherently symbolic and can be visualized or analyzed, allowing for direct inspection of the learned temporal features at each scale. In summary, the MKAN module integrates multi-scale patching with expressive KAN transformations, providing a transparent and effective solution for multivariate time series forecasting.
The iTransformer module is designed to efficiently model multivariate time series forecasting by leveraging an inverted Transformer architecture. The overall structure is illustrated in Fig. 2 and consists of the following key components.
Overall architecture of the iTransformer module. The framework consists of independent variable-wise embedding, temporal layer normalization, multivariate self-attention, feed-forward transformation, and aggregation for final forecasting. The left and right parts of the figure detail the embedding and feed-forward processes, respectively.
Variable-wise embedding: Given a multivariate input sequence (X in mathbb {R}^{T times N}), where T is the sequence length and N is the number of variables, each variable’s time series (X_{:,n}) is independently embedded into a latent representation:
where (operatorname {Embedding}) is a learnable mapping from (mathbb {R}^T) to (mathbb {R}^d).
Temporal layer normalization: Each variable embedding is normalized along the temporal dimension to reduce scale and distribution discrepancies:
where (mu _n) and (sigma _n) are the mean and standard deviation of the n-th variable embedding.
Multivariate self-attention: All variable embeddings are jointly processed by a self-attention mechanism to capture inter-variable dependencies:
where Q, K, V are linear projections of the variable embeddings. The detailed structure of the multivariate self-attention mechanism is shown in Fig. 3.
Detailed structure of the multivariate self-attention mechanism in the iTransformer module. The input is first projected to Q, K, and V, then split into multiple heads for independent attention computation. The results are merged and projected to form the final output.
Feed-forward network: Each variable embedding is independently transformed by a shared feed-forward network to extract nonlinear features:
where (operatorname {FFN}) denotes a two-layer MLP with activation and dropout.
Stacked blocks and aggregation: The above operations are stacked for L layers, and the final output embeddings are aggregated for forecasting:
where (operatorname {TrmBlock}) denotes one iTransformer block, and (operatorname {Projection}) maps the final embedding to the prediction space.
The overall output of the iTransformer module can be summarized as:
where (operatorname {Head}) is typically a linear layer for regression or forecasting.
A major advantage of the iTransformer module is its variable-centric design. By treating each variable’s time series as an independent token, the model can explicitly capture inter-variable correlations and global temporal patterns, while maintaining efficient parallel computation and interpretability of learned representations. In summary, the iTransformer module integrates variable-wise embedding, normalization, and attention-based transformation, providing a simple yet powerful backbone for multivariate time series forecasting.
The hybrid architecture adopts a cascaded design, where the Multi-Scale Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (MKAN) module first extracts multi-scale temporal features from the input sequence, and the resulting representations are subsequently processed by the iTransformer module to model inter-variable dependencies. The overall structure is illustrated in Fig. 4.
Overall architecture of the cascaded MKAN-iTransformer framework. The pipeline consists of sequential MKAN and iTransformer modules, followed by a forecasting head. The left part details the multi-scale patching and KAN transformation, while the right part illustrates variable-wise attention and prediction.
Multi-scale feature extraction (MKAN): Given an input sequence (X in mathbb {R}^{T times N}), the MKAN module extracts multi-scale temporal features:
where (Z_{text {MKAN}}) encodes rich temporal dependencies across different resolutions.
Inter-variable modeling (iTransformer): The multi-scale features (Z_{text {MKAN}}) are fed into the iTransformer module, which captures global dependencies among variables via self-attention mechanisms:
where (Z_{text {iTrm}}) denotes the variable-attentive feature representation.
Forecasting head: The final representation is passed to a forecasting head to generate the prediction:
This cascaded hybrid design enables the model to:
Efficiently extract multi-scale temporal patterns using the MKAN module, which models complex dynamics at various time resolutions.
Explicitly capture inter-variable relationships through the iTransformer, which leverages attention to integrate information across variables.
Produce robust and interpretable representations for accurate multivariate time series forecasting.
In summary, the cascaded MKAN-iTransformer architecture unifies multi-scale temporal feature extraction and variable-wise attention modeling, forming a transparent and powerful backbone for multivariate time series forecasting.
In this study, real-world operational data from a 30 MW photovoltaic (PV) power plant are utilized for experimental evaluation. The dataset contains records from 2019 and 2020, with a sampling interval of 15 minutes. The input features include total solar irradiance, direct normal irradiance, global horizontal irradiance, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and relative humidity. The target variable is the output power of the PV power plant. Details are shown in Table 1.
The quality of the dataset has a decisive impact on the accuracy of forecasting models. Therefore, it is particularly important to pay attention to missing value handling and dataset partitioning during the process of model optimization. To ensure the overall trend and consistency of the data, this study first employs linear interpolation to impute missing values during the data preprocessing stage. For outliers in each column, reasonable value ranges are defined based on actual physical meanings. Values exceeding these ranges are clipped to the valid interval, thereby improving the reliability of the data and the prediction accuracy of the model.
Due to the fact that the operational intensity of photovoltaic systems is almost negligible during nighttime, the dataset contains sparse and uninformative data points for these periods. Such sparsity is detrimental to the performance of forecasting models. To address this issue, all nighttime data points were excluded from the dataset in this study. Specifically, only data collected between 6:00 AM and 8:00 PM were retained for subsequent experiments.For the 15-minute single-step setting, we align inputs and targets by shifting the PV power series by one step: the target at time t is the PV power at (t+1). This alignment is performed after nighttime filtering, and no future information is included in the model inputs.
A total of 70,177 sampling points were collected from two years of photovoltaic data. The data were divided into four seasons according to the following scheme: spring (March to May), summer (June to August), autumn (September to November), and winter (December to February). The number of sampling points for each season was 17,666, 17,378, 17,467, and 17,666, respectively.
To explore the relationships between meteorological and operational features and photovoltaic (PV) output power, this study employs the Pearson Correlation Coefficient for all numerical variables. The Pearson correlation coefficient measures the degree of linear correlation between two variables, with possible values in the interval ([-1,1]), where a value closer to 1 or (-1) indicates a stronger correlation. A positive value indicates a positive correlation, while a negative value indicates a negative correlation. Note that the correlation analysis is conducted for interpretability and exploratory understanding, rather than for feature selection. In particular, we retain all physically meaningful variables to support the subsequent variable-wise attention visualization of the iTransformer and to avoid excluding variables that may contribute through nonlinear interactions.
The calculation formula for the Pearson correlation coefficient is as follows:
where (x_i) and (y_i) denote the i-th observations of the two variables, (bar{x}) and (bar{y}) are their respective means, and n is the total number of samples.
The correlation among features is visualized in the form of a heatmap, as shown in Fig. 5. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation coefficients between the main meteorological features and PV output power are listed in Table 2.
Heatmap of Pearson correlation coefficients among main features.
As shown in Fig. 5 and Table 2, PV output power (Power, MW) has the strongest correlation with total solar irradiance (Total solar irradiance, W/m(^2)), with a coefficient as high as 0.95. It also shows strong positive correlations with direct normal irradiance (Direct normal irradiance, W/m(^2)) and global horizontal irradiance (Global horizontal irradiance, W/m(^2)), with coefficients of 0.89 and 0.64, respectively. This indicates that irradiance is the dominant factor affecting PV output power.
Air temperature ((^circ)C) has a correlation coefficient of 0.26 with output power, indicating a weak positive correlation. Relative humidity (%) shows a negative correlation with output power, with a coefficient of (-0.35). Atmospheric pressure (hPa) exhibits a very low correlation with PV output power, suggesting a limited linear association. Overall, irradiance-related features are the primary factors influencing PV output power, while temperature, humidity, and pressure provide complementary meteorological information.
Final input features. In the forecasting experiments, the model inputs include total solar irradiance, direct normal irradiance, global horizontal irradiance, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and historical PV power, while the prediction target is the PV plant output power at the next 15-minute step.
This subsection describes the compared models and the unified hyperparameter tuning protocol used to ensure fair and reproducible evaluation.
Compared models. We evaluate multiple forecasting backbones and their KAN/MKAN-augmented variants for 15-minute single-step PV power forecasting. KAN and MKAN are adopted from prior work; we implement their integrations with different backbones to form the compared variants. Specifically, we consider LSTM/GRU/BiLSTM/Transformer/xLSTM/iTransformer and their corresponding KAN- and MKAN-augmented versions (i.e., KAN-LSTM and MKAN-LSTM; KAN-GRU and MKAN-GRU; KAN-BiLSTM and MKAN-BiLSTM; KAN-Transformer and MKAN-Transformer; KAN-xLSTM and MKAN-xLSTM; KAN-iTransformer and MKAN-iTransformer). All models are trained and evaluated under the same input–output setting.
Chronological split. To avoid look-ahead bias in time-series forecasting, we split the data in chronological order into a training set (80%), a validation set (10%), and a test set (10%). Specifically, the earliest 80% of samples are used for training, the subsequent 10% for validation, and the latest 10% for testing. The same temporal rule is applied within each seasonal subset.
Grid search protocol. Hyperparameters are tuned on the validation set using a grid search with the following candidate values: learning rate in ({1times 10^{-2}, 5times 10^{-3}, 1times 10^{-3}, 5times 10^{-4}}), hidden dimension in ({32, 64, 128}), number of skip connections in ({1, 2, 3}), number of attention heads in ({2, 4, 8}), and convolution kernel size in ({3, 5, 7}). This yields (4times 3times 3times 3times 3 = 324) configurations.
For model components where a hyperparameter is not applicable (e.g., attention heads for purely recurrent architectures), we keep that component at its default setting while tuning the remaining applicable parameters. The same tuning criterion (minimum validation loss) and training budget are applied to all models.
Training and selection. Each configuration is trained for up to 100 epochs with early stopping based on the validation loss (patience = 10), and the checkpoint with the best validation loss is selected. The best hyperparameter setting is chosen according to the validation loss. Using the selected hyperparameters, we retrain the model on the union of the training and validation sets and report the final performance on the held-out test set. All experiments are conducted with a fixed random seed (seed = 42) to reduce randomness.
All models are implemented in PyTorch and trained using the same pipeline to ensure a fair comparison. The input features are standardized using statistics computed on the training split only, and the same transformation is applied to the validation and test splits. The PV power target is kept in its original scale (i.e., no target normalization is applied).
We optimize all models using the Adam optimizer and minimize the mean squared error (MSE) on the training set. The initial learning rate and other hyperparameters are selected via the validation-based grid search described above. We use mini-batch training with a batch size of 64. To improve training stability, gradient clipping is applied with a maximum norm of 1.0. Early stopping is performed based on the validation loss with a patience of 10 epochs, and the checkpoint with the lowest validation loss is selected.
After hyperparameter selection, each model is retrained on the combined training and validation sets using the selected configuration, and the final performance is reported on the held-out test set using MSE, RMSE, MAE, and (R^2). All experiments are conducted with a fixed random seed (seed = 42) to reduce randomness.
To comprehensively evaluate the prediction performance of the proposed MKAN-iTransformer and baseline models, four commonly used regression metrics are adopted: Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and the coefficient of determination ((R^2)). The definitions are as follows:
Mean Squared Error (MSE):
Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE):
Mean Absolute Error (MAE):
Coefficient of determination ((R^2)):
where (bar{y}) is the mean of the true values.
A lower value of MSE, RMSE, and MAE indicates better model performance, while a higher (R^2) value (closer to 1) implies a better fit between predictions and actual values.
In this section, we present and analyze the experimental results of the proposed MKAN-iTransformer model and various baseline methods on photovoltaic power forecasting tasks. The experiments are conducted under different seasonal. The performance of all models is evaluated using the metrics introduced previously.
To systematically evaluate the impact of seasonal variations on model performance, we adopted the conventional monthly division method to classify the dataset into four seasons: spring (March–May), summer (June–August), autumn (September–November), and winter (December–February). This classification enables a more detailed analysis of the predictive capabilities of MKAN-iTransformer and baseline models under different seasonal conditions.
Typical daily PV power curves for each month in 2019 and 2020.
As shown in Fig. 6, the typical daily power curves for each month in 2019 and 2020 exhibit significant seasonal variations. The power output is higher in spring and summer due to abundant sunlight, while it is relatively lower in autumn and winter. These seasonal differences provide a solid foundation for the subsequent model performance analysis based on seasonal classification.
To validate the effectiveness of MKAN-iTransformer, we conducted a detailed analysis of model prediction results and error distributions across different seasonal conditions. This section presents a comparative evaluation of MKAN-iTransformer and baseline models, highlighting both the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach.
Spring: single-day prediction curves and prediction error distribution.
Summer: single-day prediction curves and prediction error distribution.
Autumn: single-day prediction curves and prediction error distribution.
Winter: single-day prediction curves and prediction error distribution.
Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10 present typical-day forecasting results for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. For each season, the upper subfigure compares the predicted PV output power with the ground-truth measurements (black curve) over the daytime period (6:00–20:00 at 15-minute intervals), while the lower subfigure summarizes the corresponding prediction error distribution of each model. This season-wise “curve fitting + error distribution” layout allows an intuitive assessment of both temporal tracking ability (shape, peak timing, and ramping behavior) and statistical error characteristics (bias, dispersion, and tail behavior).
In the spring case (Fig. 7), most models can capture the overall diurnal pattern, but noticeable deviations appear around rapid ramping segments and local peaks. The proposed MKAN-iTransformer shows a closer alignment with the ground truth during the main rising stage and peak region, and its error histogram is more concentrated around zero, suggesting reduced dispersion and fewer large-magnitude errors.
For summer (Fig. 8), PV output typically exhibits a smoother and higher plateau under stronger irradiance conditions, making the dominant daily trend easier to learn. Accordingly, multiple models achieve relatively good tracking performance. Nevertheless, differences remain in reproducing sharp changes (e.g., abrupt drops and recoveries), where MKAN-iTransformer tends to maintain smaller deviations. The error distribution in summer is comparatively narrower for several models, indicating that the forecasting task is less challenging than in transitional or winter conditions.
In autumn (Fig. 9), the ground-truth curve shows more frequent fluctuations and irregular ramps, likely due to increased variability in meteorological conditions. Some baseline models display either lagged responses or oversmoothing, leading to larger deviations during abrupt changes. MKAN-iTransformer provides more stable tracking across multiple fluctuation segments, and its error distribution shows reduced spread relative to many baselines, implying improved generalization to more volatile patterns.
Winter results (Fig. 10) are the most challenging, as reflected by larger mismatches in several baselines and a visibly broader error spread in the histogram. The seasonal difficulty may be attributed to lower sun angles, shorter effective generation windows, and more frequent rapid variations (e.g., due to clouds and atmospheric conditions), which amplify both bias and variance in predictions. In contrast, MKAN-iTransformer remains closely aligned with the ground truth for most time intervals, and the error distribution remains comparatively concentrated, indicating stronger robustness under adverse seasonal conditions.
Overall, across all four seasons, MKAN-iTransformer consistently achieves closer curve fitting and more compact error distributions, demonstrating improved accuracy and robustness. These observations are consistent with the quantitative seasonal metrics reported in Table 3, where MKAN-iTransformer achieves competitive or best performance on MSE/RMSE/MAE and high (R^2) in multiple seasons.
Using MKAN-iTransformer as the main benchmark, we compare it with representative baselines (LSTM, GRU, BiLSTM, Transformer, xLSTM, and iTransformer) as well as KAN/MKAN-augmented variants on seasonal datasets. The quantitative results in Table 3 indicate that MKAN-iTransformer achieves the most consistent and competitive performance across seasons. In particular, it attains the best overall results in spring, autumn, and winter (covering MSE, RMSE, MAE, and (R^2)), while in summer it delivers the lowest MSE/RMSE and remains highly competitive in (R^2), although the best MAE is achieved by KAN-GRU.
In spring, MKAN-iTransformer achieves the best performance across all four metrics, with MSE = 2.892, RMSE = 1.701, MAE = 0.864, and (R^2) = 0.947. Compared with LSTM, it reduces MSE/RMSE/MAE by 23.5%, 12.5%, and 20.5%, respectively, and improves (R^2) by 1.7%. Relative to GRU, MKAN-iTransformer reduces MSE by 13.7%, RMSE by 7.1%, and MAE by 13.4%, while increasing (R^2) by 0.9%. Against Transformer, the reductions are 7.4% (MSE), 3.7% (RMSE), and 11.5% (MAE), with a 0.4% gain in (R^2). These improvements demonstrate that MKAN-iTransformer better captures springtime ramping and peak behaviors, yielding both lower average error and improved goodness-of-fit.
Summer exhibits different characteristics: MKAN-iTransformer achieves the lowest MSE (3.962) and RMSE (1.991) among all compared models, while the best MAE is obtained by KAN-GRU (0.951), and the highest (R^2) is achieved by xLSTM (0.924). Compared with LSTM, MKAN-iTransformer decreases MSE and RMSE by 3.3% and 1.6%, and slightly increases (R^2) (0.921 to 0.923). Compared with iTransformer, it yields a clear reduction in MSE (9.5%) and RMSE (4.8%) and improves (R^2) from 0.915 to 0.923. Although its MAE is not the best in summer, the advantage in MSE/RMSE suggests MKAN-iTransformer is particularly effective at suppressing larger deviations (which are weighted more heavily by MSE), while some models (e.g., KAN-GRU) achieve smaller absolute errors on average.
In autumn, MKAN-iTransformer again provides the best results across all metrics (MSE = 2.884, RMSE = 1.698, MAE = 0.774, (R^2) = 0.962). Compared with LSTM, it reduces MSE/RMSE/MAE by 24.9%, 13.4%, and 27.4%, respectively, and improves (R^2) by 1.4%. Relative to GRU, it reduces MSE by 9.4%, RMSE by 4.8%, and MAE by 11.6%, with (R^2) increasing from 0.958 to 0.962. Compared with iTransformer, MKAN-iTransformer reduces MSE by 16.5%, RMSE by 8.7%, and MAE by 12.4%, while improving (R^2) from 0.954 to 0.962. These results indicate stronger adaptability to autumn’s higher variability and more frequent fluctuations.
Winter is the most challenging season for many baselines, yet MKAN-iTransformer achieves the strongest overall performance with MSE = 1.721, RMSE = 1.312, MAE = 0.443, and (R^2) = 0.969. Compared with LSTM, it reduces MSE/RMSE/MAE by 71.4%, 46.5%, and 66.6%, respectively, and improves (R^2) from 0.891 to 0.969 (an 8.8% relative increase). Against Transformer, the reductions are 81.6% (MSE), 57.1% (RMSE), and 71.9% (MAE), with (R^2) increasing from 0.831 to 0.969. Compared with iTransformer, MKAN-iTransformer remains slightly better in error-based metrics (e.g., MSE from 1.730 to 1.721 and RMSE from 1.315 to 1.312) while maintaining the same (R^2). Overall, these results demonstrate that MKAN-iTransformer offers strong robustness under winter conditions, substantially reducing both average errors and large-error events relative to most baselines.
This work focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of combining an iTransformer backbone with KAN-based modules. Note that KAN and MKAN are borrowed from prior work and are not proposed in this paper; our goal is to investigate whether integrating these modules with iTransformer yields complementary gains and improved robustness across seasonal distributions.
Model variants. We compare four variants: (1) iTransformer, the backbone baseline; (2) KAN-iTransformer, which integrates a KAN-based (ekan) module into iTransformer; (3) MKAN-iTransformer, which combines MKAN with iTransformer (our main combination model); and (4) MKAN, the standalone MKAN model without iTransformer, included to distinguish the effect of MKAN alone from the fusion setting. All variants are trained and evaluated under the same experimental protocol.
Metrics. We report MSE, RMSE, and MAE (lower is better) as well as (varvec{R^2}) (higher is better). To examine distribution shifts, results are presented for Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter.
Results and discussion. As shown in Table 4, MKAN-iTransformer delivers the most consistent improvements across seasons. In Spring, it achieves the best results on all metrics, indicating clear complementarity between MKAN and iTransformer. In Autumn, MKAN-iTransformer again obtains the best overall performance, slightly outperforming KAN-iTransformer, suggesting that the multi-scale design provides additional benefit beyond directly integrating KAN.
In Summer, MKAN-iTransformer yields the lowest MSE/RMSE and the highest (R^2), while iTransformer attains the lowest MAE. This indicates a trade-off between reducing larger errors (more reflected by squared-error metrics) and minimizing average absolute deviation; nevertheless, the improved RMSE and (R^2) suggest a better overall fit for MKAN-iTransformer.
In Winter, iTransformer and MKAN-iTransformer are nearly identical, implying that the iTransformer backbone already captures the dominant winter dynamics and that MKAN integration does not introduce degradation. By contrast, KAN-iTransformer shows a pronounced performance drop in winter (MSE=7.082, (R^2)=0.872), indicating that this integration may be more sensitive to seasonal distribution shifts. Overall, these results support that MKAN-iTransformer is a robust and effective combination, whereas the gains from KAN-iTransformer are less stable across seasons.
To explain the seasonal performance differences observed in the previous sections, we conduct an interpretability analysis of MKAN from three complementary perspectives. First, we decompose the PV power signal into hierarchical temporal components to isolate fast ramps, intermediate variations, and slow diurnal trends, and validate the separation in both time and frequency domains. Second, we inspect the learned KAN edge functions to understand how MKAN adapts its nonlinear transformations across seasons. Third, we visualize the inverted attention mechanism over features to quantify seasonal changes in feature importance, attention dispersion, and cross-feature interaction pathways.
Together, these analyses form a consistent evidence chain from signal dynamics (multi-scale decomposition), to nonlinear representation (KAN activations), and finally to decision routing (feature-wise attention), clarifying why the model behaves differently under distinct seasonal atmospheric regimes.
To capture PV dynamics from fast cloud-induced ramps to slow diurnal trends, the MKAN module decomposes the 15-min PV power series into three additive temporal components using hierarchical moving-average (MA) operators and residual (difference) bands. This formulation yields a physically consistent separation of high-, mid-, and low-frequency behaviors while preserving approximate additivity.
Let P(t) denote the normalized PV power at 15-min resolution and let (textrm{MA}_m(cdot )) be an m-step moving average (centered window for analysis/visualization). We define:
Thus,
where (epsilon (t)) mainly captures boundary effects and minor mismatch.
Figure 11 illustrates the multi-scale decomposition of PV power on a representative summer day. The decomposition separates the observed signal into three time-scale components, which helps interpret variability sources and motivates using scale-aware features in forecasting.
High-frequency (45 min and below): rapid ramps and short-term fluctuations dominated by transient clouds and local turbulence, critical for short-horizon forecasting.
Medium-frequency (90–180 min): intra-day variability related to evolving weather regimes and smooth changes in solar geometry.
Low-frequency (180 min trend): slowly varying baseline reflecting the dominant diurnal envelope and seasonal irradiance level.
Multi-scale temporal decomposition of PV power on a representative summer day. From top to bottom, the panels show the original signal and its high-, medium-, and low-frequency components. The low-frequency term captures the smooth diurnal envelope, the medium-frequency term reflects intra-day regime changes, and the high-frequency term highlights fast fluctuations.
To validate that the proposed multi-scale decomposition indeed separates variability across time scales, we conduct a frequency-domain check using Welch’s power spectral density (PSD). Figure 12 reports the PSD characteristics of the decomposed components: the high-frequency residual (P_{text {high}}), the medium-frequency component (P_{text {mid}}), and the low-frequency trend (P_{text {low}}) for a representative summer day.
We partition the frequency axis into three bands (in cycles/hour) to summarize spectral energy:
Low-frequency band: (f < 0.1) (dominant diurnal/slow envelope and baseline variations).
Mid-frequency band: (0.1 le f le 0.5) (intra-day variability and regime transitions).
High-frequency band: (f > 0.5) (fast ramps and short-term fluctuations).
For each component, the band energy percentages are computed by integrating its PSD over the corresponding frequency band and normalizing by the component’s total spectral energy:
where
denotes the Welch PSD estimate and
is one of the three bands above.
As shown in Fig. 12, (P_{text {high}}) allocates a larger portion of energy to higher frequencies, while (P_{text {low}}) concentrates energy in the low-frequency region consistent with the diurnal envelope. The medium-scale component (P_{text {mid}}) mainly captures intermediate-band energy, supporting the intended multi-scale separation.
Frequency-domain validation (summer). The left column shows Welch PSD for (P_{text {high}}), (P_{text {mid}}), and (P_{text {low}}). The top-right panel compares PSD curves across scales, and the bottom-right panel summarizes the energy distribution over the predefined low/mid/high frequency bands.
Overall, this hierarchical MA residual decomposition provides interpretable temporal bands and supports MKAN’s multi-branch design, reducing interference between fast ramps and slow trends. The seasonal consistency of this separation is further confirmed in Table 5.
KAN replaces fixed activation functions (e.g., ReLU, GELU) with learnable univariate edge functions, making nonlinear transformations explicit and interpreable. We analyze learned activation patterns and relate their shapes to PV forecasting behavior across seasonal regimes.
For an input feature (x_i) and output node (y_j), KAN learns an edge function (phi _{i,j}(cdot )) using cubic B-splines:
where (B_k(x)) are spline basis functions, (c_{i,j,k}) are learnable coefficients, and K denotes the number of spline control points. A KAN layer aggregates edge functions as:
This formulation allows each connection to learn a data-driven nonlinear mapping tailored to a specific input-output relation.
Figure 13 illustrates representative learned KAN activations and their differences from standard fixed activations. In PV forecasting, asymmetric nonlinear responses are useful: suppressing low-power noise (e.g., dawn/dusk or heavy haze) while preserving sensitivity during normal operating conditions.
Comprehensive analysis of KAN activation functions. The figure compares fixed activations with representative learned KAN activations and highlights how learnable nonlinearities adapt to different data regimes.
Figure 14 shows season-specific learned activations, indicating that KAN adapts its nonlinearity to seasonal PV dynamics.
Seasonal adaptation of learned KAN activation functions. Each panel shows a representative learned activation from seasonal data (colored) compared with a fixed baseline (gray). Shaded regions indicate deviation, highlighting season-specific nonlinear adaptation.
We quantify seasonal differences using three metrics over a fixed input range:
Table 6 indicates stronger nonlinear adaptation in more challenging regimes, supporting KAN interpretability: learned activation shapes reflect seasonal PV generation characteristics.
MKAN adopts an iTransformer-style inverted attention mechanism operating over the feature dimension, enabling dynamic feature-to-feature interaction modeling. We visualize seasonal feature importance, attention distributions, and cross-feature attention pathways to interpret how meteorological variables contribute under different atmospheric conditions.
Figure 15 presents normalized feature importance by season. Table 7 reports the corresponding scores (normalized to the maximum within each season), revealing clear seasonal reweighting between irradiance-driven and atmosphere-driven predictors.
Seasonal comparison of feature importance scores. Bars show normalized importance of each meteorological feature within a season.
Across seasons, DNI dominates in spring and winter, while GHI becomes most important in summer, reflecting stronger scattering/cloud effects. Autumn shifts toward atmospheric pressure and historical power, suggesting increased reliance on synoptic conditions and temporal persistence during transitional weather.
Winter vs. summer shift: Compared with summer, winter assigns substantially higher importance to RH (+0.5742) and DNI (+0.4962), and also increases reliance on historical power (+0.3096). In contrast, GHI becomes less dominant in winter (–0.1831), consistent with reduced diffuse-driven regimes and stronger sensitivity to beam irradiance availability.
Figure 16 shows attention weight distributions across features and seasons. Wider distributions indicate more frequent reallocation of attention, typically associated with more volatile atmospheric conditions.
Seasonal attention weight distributions across features. F1: Total solar irradiance, F2: Direct normal irradiance, F3: Global horizontal irradiance, F4: Air temperature, F5: Atmospheric pressure, F6: Relative humidity, F7: Power.
We summarize attention dispersion using entropy computed from mean attention weights:
where (bar{w}_i) is the mean attention weight of feature i. Table 8 reports the attention entropy and the seasonal prediction performance (RMSE in MW). Higher entropy indicates more distributed attention (i.e., no single dominant feature), reflecting more frequent reallocation of attention across variables under volatile atmospheric conditions.
Figure 17 visualizes seasonal cross-feature attention matrices. To highlight dominant interaction pathways, Table 9 lists the top-3 attention pairs (query (rightarrow) key) per season.
Seasonal cross-feature attention matrices. Rows are query features, columns are key features. F1: Total solar irradiance, F2: Direct normal irradiance, F3: Global horizontal irradiance, F4: Air temperature, F5: Atmospheric pressure, F6: Relative humidity, F7: Power.
These pathways are physically plausible: summer emphasizes humidity–irradiance coupling (cloud formation and scattering), while winter concentrates multiple queries onto DNI, indicating that beam irradiance penetration becomes a key bottleneck signal under haze/fog conditions.
We further quantify attention matrix structure using diagonal dominance:
and interaction diversity:
Table 10 confirms a seasonal shift between distributed attention (higher I, lower D) and focused attention (higher D, lower I), consistent with changes in atmospheric conditions and feature reliability.
This study has several limitations that should be acknowledged when interpreting the results.
Single-site evaluation. All experiments are conducted on data from a single PV plant. While the seasonal split provides a meaningful within-site distribution-shift test, the cross-site generalization of MKAN-iTransformer (e.g., different climates, terrains, PV technologies, and sensor configurations) is not verified here.
Daytime-only forecasting protocol. Nighttime samples are excluded (06:00–20:00) because PV generation is near-zero and the series becomes sparse and less informative for learning daytime dynamics. This choice improves training stability and focuses the evaluation on operationally relevant generation periods, but it limits applicability to round-the-clock settings. In particular, behavior during dawn/dusk transitions and full-day forecasting is not evaluated.
Dataset size and coverage. The dataset covers two years and yields a moderate number of samples after filtering and seasonal partitioning. Although sufficient for 15-minute single-step forecasting, larger multi-year and multi-site datasets may expose additional failure modes, especially rare extreme-weather ramps.
Lack of uncertainty quantification. This work reports point forecasting metrics (MSE/RMSE/MAE and ({R^{2}})) only. For grid operation and risk-aware scheduling, probabilistic forecasts (e.g., prediction intervals or quantiles) and calibration analyses are often required. Uncertainty quantification is not addressed in this paper.
These limitations motivate future work on cross-site evaluation, round-the-clock and multi-horizon forecasting protocols, and probabilistic forecasting with calibrated uncertainty estimates.
This paper studies robust and interpretable PV power forecasting under seasonal regime shifts and proposes MKAN-iTransformer, a cascaded hybrid framework that combines MKAN-based multi-scale temporal representation learning with iTransformer-style variable-wise attention for cross-variable dependency modeling. The model is evaluated under a unified protocol for 15-minute single-step forecasting with consistent preprocessing, hyperparameter tuning, and chronological splits within each seasonal subset.
Seasonal accuracy and robustness. Season-wise benchmarking (Table 3) shows that MKAN-iTransformer achieves consistent and competitive performance across all four seasons. It delivers the best overall results in spring, autumn, and winter across MSE/RMSE/MAE and ({R^{2}}), and remains highly competitive in summer with the lowest squared-error metrics. The typical-day prediction curves and error histograms further support these findings by showing closer tracking during ramps and peaks and more concentrated error distributions, indicating fewer large-deviation events under seasonal variability.
Component contribution validated by ablation. The ablation study (Table 4) isolates the effects of MKAN and iTransformer and confirms that their combination is beneficial. Comparing iTransformer, MKAN, and MKAN-iTransformer demonstrates that neither multi-scale temporal modeling nor variable-wise dependency modeling alone fully explains the observed improvements; rather, the gains arise from their complementarity. In addition, the inclusion of KAN-iTransformer reveals that not all KAN-style integrations are equally stable: KAN-iTransformer exhibits a pronounced degradation in winter, suggesting sensitivity to seasonal distribution shifts, whereas MKAN-iTransformer remains robust.
Interpretability evidence. Beyond performance, we provide a coherent interpretability analysis from three perspectives: (i) a multi-scale temporal decomposition aligned with MKAN branches and validated in the frequency domain, clarifying how fast ramps, intermediate variations, and slow diurnal trends are separated; (ii) inspection and quantification of learned KAN univariate edge/activation functions, showing season-dependent nonlinear adaptations; and (iii) feature-wise attention visualization, demonstrating seasonal reweighting of meteorological drivers and physically plausible cross-feature interaction pathways.
Implications. Overall, MKAN-iTransformer offers an effective balance among accuracy, seasonal robustness, and model transparency for short-horizon PV forecasting. The results indicate that coupling scale-aware temporal feature extraction with explicit inter-variable modeling is a practical strategy to mitigate seasonal degradation commonly observed in baseline architectures.
Future directions. Future work will extend the evaluation to multi-site datasets and round-the-clock settings, generalize the framework to multi-horizon forecasting, and incorporate uncertainty quantification to produce calibrated prediction intervals suitable for risk-aware operational decision-making.
The dataset used in this study is sourced from the State Grid Corporation of China New Energy Power Generation Forecasting Competition (^{?}). Comprehensive experiments were conducted on this authoritative dataset to verify the superior performance of the proposed model under different seasonal conditions. The dataset is publicly available and can be accessed at the following link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01696-6#citeas.
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This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 51967004.
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 51967004.
College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
Linjie Liu, Min Liu, Zhuangchou Han & HaiQiang Zhao
North Alabama International College of Engineering and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
Min Liu
Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Power System Intelligent Technologies, Guiyang, China
Min Liu
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L.L. (first author) conceived the research idea, developed the MKAN-iTransformer model, implemented all experiments, and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. M.L. (corresponding author) supervised the entire research process, provided key guidance on model design and result analysis, and substantially revised the manuscript. Z.H. and H.Z. contributed to data preprocessing, experimental support, and manuscript review. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Correspondence to Min Liu.
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Liu, L., Liu, M., Han, Z. et al. Interpretable ultra-short-term photovoltaic power forecasting with multi-scale temporal modeling and variable-wise attention. Sci Rep 16, 10336 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39797-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39797-6
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April 04, 2026, 5:00 a.m. ET
The solar industry became a target in the first year of President Donald Trump’s second term, when his administration cut key federal tax credits, subsidies, and investments in solar power, as well as broader green technology initiatives.
The Republican president’s skepticism toward low-carbon energy, rooted in a combination of economic, aesthetic, and ideological objections, is well-known. At the World Economic Forum held in January 2025, Mr. Trump boasted of terminating former Democratic President Joe Biden’s “ridiculous” and “wasteful” Inflation Reduction Act – which, among other spending to support renewable energy, offered tax incentives to encourage solar power.
Yet as America’s demand for electricity rises – expected to grow at a 2.8% compound annual growth rate over the next 15 years – some Republican influencers such as former House Speaker Newt Gingrich and former Trump adviser Kellyanne Conway, who are still among the president’s most ardent supporters, are encouraging him to adopt a more pragmatic approach to solar.
America’s rising demand for electricity is putting focus on where that energy should come from. As President Donald Trump has sought to elevate fossil fuels, one fast-growing renewable energy source is attracting support from an unlikely place: political conservatives.
The reason is simple supply and demand, they say, though Mr. Gingrich mixes in a touch of nationalism. Failure to meet the electricity demands of industry would slow business growth, just when futuristic technologies such as artificial intelligence are starting to boom. To remain competitive with China in AI, he says, America needs to expand its electric power generation by using every energy source available.
“History tells us that energy scarcity is the biggest threat to the American economy,” Mr. Gingrich wrote in a recent opinion column in the right-leaning website, the Daily Caller.
“We need more of everything. Intentionally excluding vital energy sources, fuel-based or renewable, reduces supply and drives up prices. This harms families and businesses. This is not abstract economic theory. It is common sense.”
Historically, America’s power grid has always been a pragmatic concern, though people at opposite ends of the political spectrum often disagree on how to ensure Americans get the power they need.
The debate over climate change disrupted all that.
In 2016, America, under President Barack Obama, joined 192 other nations and the European Union in signing the Paris Agreement to substantially reduce carbon emissions by 2030. Americans were divided: Conservatives said the agreement would damage America’s economy, while liberals cited the overwhelming scientific consensus that climate change is happening and is primarily caused by human activity. How and whether to use low- and zero-carbon energy sources such as wind and solar – moving away from fossil fuels – were at the heart of that partisan divide.
But today, even amid disagreements, after a decade and a half of expansion, solar power accounts for 8.5% of the U.S. electricity generation mix, up from 0.1% in 2010. That is still well behind fossil fuels, which make up more than half of the U.S. energy mix. Fossil fuels have a powerful lobbying presence, spending about $150 million a year to advocate for oil, gas, and coal businesses. Even so, in 2024, wind and solar power together overtook coal for the first time in electricity production, with wind and solar at 17% and coal at 15%.
“I don’t view energy as an ideological issue, but that’s what it’s been turned into,” says Eric D. Larson, a senior research scholar at the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment at Princeton University.
“I think that maybe a concern is that if demand is outstripping supply, prices will go up,” Professor Larson says. “And rising prices translate into votes, typically. But also, there is the recognition that if we want to stay ahead as a country at the cutting edge of technology, and AI is going to be a big part of that, we need power.”
At the moment, there is little evidence that prominent Republicans touting solar will influence President Trump to change his mind on solar energy. His 2025 tax-and-spending bill, which phased out solar subsidies, passed the House along party lines, 218-214. Those entrusted with implementing Mr. Trump’s energy policies are led by Secretary of Energy Christopher Wright, the founder and former CEO of Liberty Energy, a major fracking service company. He has called solar panels “a parasite” that provides only intermittent power. In a Feb. 17, 2026, panel discussion, Mr. Wright showed no signs of wavering.
“We got off track because of a wild misunderstanding, an exaggeration” about climate change, Mr. Wright said at a conference at the French Institute of International Relations in Paris. Climate change, he said, “is a real thing, but it has gotten so ridiculously out of whack that we have policies that have just driven up energy [prices, and] driven deindustrialization and made our countries geopolitically weaker.”
Even so, a small number of Republicans with influence in the White House are publicly advocating that President Trump adopt it as part of “America First” policy and give solar energy another chance.
Conservative podcaster Katie Miller – wife of Mr. Trump’s Homeland Security Advisor Stephen Miller – recently made the case for solar energy on social media. Ms. Miller, a former aide to Elon Musk, has been publicly promoting solar energy and has noted that her former boss’s company, Tesla, produces solar panels. She has stated she does not have a paid partnership with the clean energy groups she sometimes cites.
“Solar is now the dominant source of new U.S. power capacity and is on track to surpass coal in total installed capacity before the end of 2026,” she wrote. “70 GW of new solar capacity is scheduled to come online in 2026–2027 → a 49% increase in operating solar capacity from the end of 2025.”
Ms. Conway, a pollster and former Trump senior political counselor, conducted a February 2026 poll of 1,000 registered voters in Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Ohio, and Texas, on behalf of the pro-solar advocacy group, American Energy First. Her findings: “Solar power enjoys broad, durable, and increasingly intense public support,” including among Trump voters.
Eight in 10 respondents agreed when asked if “solar energy should be used in the U.S. to strengthen and increase our energy supply?” Three-quarters of self-identified Trump voters agreed.
More than two-thirds of the new solar plants built over the past five years are in states that the Republican Party carried in 2024, including Texas, Indiana, Florida, Ohio, Arizona, Utah, and Arkansas, according to a report by Wood Mackenzie on behalf of the Solar Energy Industries Association.
Artificial intelligence is booming, “and if you look at where they are building data centers, it’s in red-state America,” says Mark Fleming, president and CEO of Conservatives for Clean Energy in Raleigh, North Carolina. In the Carolinas, the combination of AI data centers and solar and wind farms has contributed to the property tax base. “It’s been a lifesaver for rural counties,” Mr. Fleming says, and that has brought more conservatives to the clean energy cause.
Neil Auerbach, founder and CEO of the Hudson Sustainable Group and senior adviser to the conservative-leaning American Conservation Coalition, says that ideologues on both sides of the aisle miss the point. America’s economic competitiveness depends on “abundant, affordable power today.”
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“With the 2026 midterms approaching, the political stakes are clear. Voters will reward leaders who present credible solutions to keep the lights on and bills down,” Mr. Auerbach wrote in a recent opinion column. “Ideological purity, whether hostility toward fossil fuels or toward renewables, will not deliver affordable energy. An all of the above approach is not ideology; it is economic realism.”
Samantha Gross, director of the Energy Security and Climate Initiative at the Brookings Institution, says that whether you are worried about climate change or not, solar energy is a “one of the easiest and fastest ways to get power. That is one reason why the administration shouldn’t be rolling its eyes at solar power.”
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By the People, for the People
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The 5-megawatt community solar project will bring renewable energy to the local area.
Mar. 31, 2026 at 11:55am
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Doña Ana County commissioners have approved up to $10 million in industrial revenue bonds to support the development of a new 5-megawatt community solar farm in the town of Vado, New Mexico. The solar project is expected to bring renewable energy access and economic benefits to the local community.
This investment in community-scale solar power aligns with broader efforts in New Mexico to expand renewable energy generation and access, particularly in underserved areas. The Vado solar farm will provide clean electricity to local residents and businesses, helping to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower energy costs.
The $10 million in industrial revenue bonds will help finance the construction and operation of the 5-megawatt solar farm in Vado. The project is being developed by a local renewable energy company and is designed to supply clean electricity to homes and businesses in the surrounding community through a community solar program.
The local county government that approved the bond financing for the Vado solar project.
The town in Doña Ana County where the 5-megawatt community solar farm will be located.
With the bond financing approved, the solar project developers will now move forward with securing permits, finalizing contracts, and beginning construction on the Vado community solar farm.
This investment in local renewable energy infrastructure demonstrates Doña Ana County’s commitment to expanding access to clean, affordable electricity for its residents and businesses through innovative community solar programs.
We keep track of fun holidays and special moments on the cultural calendar — giving you exciting activities, deals, local events, brand promotions, and other exciting ways to celebrate.

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AIKO has announced a new collaboration with Solar Team Eindhoven, bringing its high-efficiency ABC (All Back Contact) solar cells to power Stella Juva, the world’s first solar-powered ambulance designed to operate entirely on solar energy while supporting onboard medical equipment.
Developed by students from the Eindhoven University of Technology, Stella Juva aims to enable healthcare delivery in remote or infrastructure-limited regions. Expected to hit the road in July 2026, the project represents a significant step in redefining the role of solar-powered mobility, from transport solutions to mobile energy systems supporting essential services.
David Komdeur, Solar Team Photovoltaics Engineer, commented: “Stella Juva pushes the boundaries of what solar technology can achieve in real world applications. We chose AIKO as our partner because of its industry leading efficiency and proven reliability, both critical for a vehicle that must operate independently under varying conditions. The ABC cells use a full back contact design without front side metallization, which maximizes light absorption. In addition, the silver free metallization lowers the risk of microcracks and contributes to long term durability. A low temperature coefficient, combined with strong resistance to degradation, helps maintain stable performance across a wide range of environments.”
The partnership marks a further expansion of AIKO’s engagement with leading solar mobility teams, moving beyond competition platforms toward real-world applications of zero-carbon mobility and sustainable living. By integrating ABC technology into a functional emergency vehicle, the collaboration demonstrates how advanced photovoltaic innovation can contribute to both clean transportation and critical societal needs. For AIKO, this reflects a broader commitment to enabling high-efficiency solar technology in emerging application scenarios, supporting projects that integrate energy generation directly into mobility and infrastructure and exploring how photovoltaic innovation can deliver value beyond traditional installations.

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MnSEIA, SEIA, And CCSA Criticize Minnesota’s Approval Of Xcel’s 200 MW Battery Program, Warning Of Risks To Ratepayers  SolarQuarter
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Global photovoltaic waste under ratcheting climate ambition: Spatio-temporal distribution and future pathways  ScienceDirect.com
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Solar Power World
By Kelly Pickerel | April 1, 2026
A years-in-the-making solar panel assembly outfit in College Station, Texas, is now officially in operation but with a twist — all solar panels coming off the lines will be used in projects developed by the parent company.
US Modules‘ first production line can produce 400 MW of utility-scale solar panels annually. A second line should be commissioned by this summer, and the 150,000-sq-ft facility has room to scale to 1.4 GW of annual production.
US Modules is supported by Carey International Group (CIG), a holding company focused on sustainable energy and real estate infrastructure. In addition to a private-class airline and luxury real estate firm, CIG also funds solar project. The company has over 3.5 GW of utility-scale solar in active development, and CIG needs American-made, FEOC-compliant solar panels.
“We’re 100% owned and controlled here in the U.S.,” said Charles Carey, founder of US Modules, in an interview with Solar Power World. “Our family office owns the majority of these projects, with no outside influence, and that is our focus for US Modules.”
CIG and its independent power producer SMYX Energy have completed a few mid-size projects throughout Texas, and Carey said even larger projects will come online in ERCOT by the end of the year, with some panels supplied by US Modules. The company is making 545-W PERC panels.
US Modules today employs 50 workers, and more are being onboarded for additional shifts. Carey said there is no worry of a slowdown for US Modules, as CIG’s demand is higher than what can be currently supplied.
Kelly Pickerel has more than 15 years of experience reporting on the U.S. solar industry and is currently editor in chief of Solar Power World. Email Kelly.

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Plans to build what would become Europe’s largest solar farm have been plunged into doubt following “months of scrutiny”.
The case for renewables looks stronger than ever, as the war on Iran continues to send oil and gas prices soaring. Recent analysis shows that solar, which has been identified as the cheapest form of clean energy, saved Europe €3 billion last month by lowering its reliance on fossil fuel imports.
However, building renewable infrastructure has become increasingly controversial – with many Europeans divided by wind turbines and solar panels taking over their green spaces.
Botley West Solar Farm, which was first pitched in September 2022, has a target of being connected to the grid by autumn 2029.
Located in Oxfordshire, England, the farm could deliver 840 megawatts of clean energy, enough to power roughly 330,000 homes. This represents 1.2 per cent of the UK’s solar capacity targets by 2035.
Photovolt Development Partners (PVDP), the company behind the £800 million (around €916.43 million) project, says the farm will also help the country reduce carbon emissions and improve its energy security.
While PVDP has vowed to deliver a minimum biodiversity net gain of at least 70 per cent, nearby residents have urged the company to scale down its ambitious project over concerns about the impact it may have on the natural area.
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Ian Hudspeth, the former leader of Oxfordshire County Council, who lives in one of the areas included in the proposals, argues the farm would create an “ocean of glass and steel” across the countryside.
A campaign group has been set up to protest the launch. Stop Botley West argues that installing so many solar panels could have a detrimental impact on the amount of crops grown in the area, and says current plans span too close to the UNESCO World Heritage site Blenheim Palace.
The group also claims that there will be loss of wildlife habitat, increased risk of flooding and an “unprecedented” visual impact on the area.
Nick Eyre from the University of Oxford’s Environmental Change Institute says many concerns about food impact are “hugely exaggerated”.
“We can produce food much more efficiently, we know how to do that,” he tells the BBC. “To put it in perspective, one per cent of the area [of the UK] is golf courses. I don’t hear anybody saying golf courses are a threat to food security.”
Planning inspectors sent a report on the proposal for Botley West to Energy Secretary Ed Miliband in February. Under UK planning law, this means a decision has to be announced within three months (10 May), unless a statement is made declaring a new deadline will be set.
However, the UK government has now confirmed that a decision on the solar farm will be delayed by four months, until 10 September.
“This is to enable my Department to seek further information from the applicant with sufficient time to allow for consideration of this information by other interested parties,” Martin McCluskey, Minister for Energy Consumers, says.
“The decision to set the new deadline for this application is without prejudice to the decision on whether to grant or refuse development consent.”
Professor Alex Roger, chair of Stop Botley West, says: “We welcome the Secretary of State’s decision to seek further information from the Applicant, and to allow sufficient time for consideration by interested parties such as the Stop Botley West community group."
Euronews Earth has contacted PVDP for comment.
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Clay Homes is scheduled to be on the mound for the Mets in the third game of their series against the Giants.
Sabres fans have not seen playoff hockey since the 2010-11 season.
Tyler Glasnow is expected to start for the Dodgers against the Nationals in the second game of their series.
With Kirk out, Toronto will turn to Brandon Valenzuela and Tyler Heineman behind the plate.
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68 years later, Pelé still reigns as the youngest player to score a goal in a World Cup.
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Five different games were decided by more than 30 points.

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A research team in Germany has developed a new method for creating copper, indium, and selenium-based micro-concentrator solar cells. According to a report by pv magazine, the process uses laser-assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition to grow indium islands directly on a molybdenum-coated glass substrate, forming absorber arrays without requiring masks or patterning steps.
The fabrication begins with the laser array locally heating the substrate to decompose a precursor gas at specific spots, creating a grid of indium islands. A copper layer is then added, and the stack undergoes selenization to form the final absorber material. The cell structure is completed with additional buffer and window layers before the array is contacted as a single module.
The scientists noted that the indium islands formed distinct clusters that did not merge, even under high heat, and their structure remained visible after processing. They produced several micro-modules for testing.
Under standard illumination, these initial, unoptimized devices demonstrated a conversion efficiency of up to 0.65%. When exposed to concentrated light simulating up to 17 times standard intensity, the cells showed significant efficiency gains, reaching up to 250% higher output compared to their baseline performance.
The researchers identified several challenges requiring resolution, including the initial shape of the indium islands and process consistency. They concluded that addressing these issues is essential, and the method could become a fast and resource-efficient production technique for advanced micro-concentrator photovoltaics. The work was detailed in the journal Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells and involved multiple German institutions.
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The German manufacturer said its new back-contact solar panel has a power conversion efficiency of up to 23.52%.
Image: Bauer Solar
From pv magazine Germany
German module manufacturer Bauer Solar is expanding its product portfolio with a new back-contact panel.
Initially, it will launch a full-black glass-glass version with an output of 480 W. It is built on 108 bifacial half-cells and measure 1,800 mm × 1,134 mm × 30 mm, with a listed weight of 24.8 kg. The module power conversion efficiency is 23.52%.
The company said that both the front and rear glass panes are 2 mm thick and feature anti-reflective coatings. The frame is made of anodized black aluminum alloy. The modules are rated for operating temperatures from –40 C to 85 C and a maximum system voltage of 1,500 V. They can reportedly withstand static loads up to 5,400 Pa and carry a hail resistance rating of HW3. Certifications include fire protection class A.
Bauer Solar is offering a 30-year product and performance warranty on the new modules. The linear performance warranty guarantees a minimum output of 88.85 % of the original capacity after 30 years. The company also plans to increase the output of its back-contact modules to 500 W later this year with the “Pure” and “Performance” variants.
Alongside back-contact modules, Bauer Solar will continue to focus on its TOPCon technology. This portfolio will be expanded this summer with the “Pure” and “Black” variants, which will reach an output of 465 W. While the company did not disclose pricing, it emphasized that the modules are aimed at the residential rooftop solar market as “an economical solution with an optimal price-performance ratio.”
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Germany has long been the European leader in government auctions for renewable energy capacity.
Just this week, the government launched a tender for 475MW of new solar PV capacity, in the wake of the completion of another tender that saw bids made for over 5GW of new capacity, more than double the volume initially sought by the government.
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Indeed, this consistent demand for new government-backed renewable energy, and the government’s willingness to support the energy transition through auctions, has been the driving force behind record-breaking renewable energy capacity procured through auctions. Figures from SolarPower Europe, published last month, show that a record 25.2GW of new solar capacity was awarded through government-backed tenders in 2025.
“This support is very much useful to find the business case and to find the profitability, so that’s why we decided to participate,” says Michał Swół, CIO at R.Power, who speaks to PV Tech Premium this week.
R.Power is a Polish independent power producer (IPP) active in several countries, including Germany, and Swół describes the German auction landscape as one that is “very important”, particularly for IPPs looking to secure finance for an upcoming project, but one that could learn from other markets, particular with regard to the integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) into the auction design.
Germany has long been a leader in terms of national auctions, having awarded nearly 25GW of new solar PV capacity through auctions between 2021 and 2025, according to SolarPower Europe. The trade body also notes that Germany accounted for more than 20% of the EU’s total solar capacity awarded through auctions in each of the last four years, and Swół says that this level of sustained support has been of significant benefit for developers as power prices fluctuate.
“The pricing from PPAs for pure solar in Germany is going down, so this support scheme is very important,” he explains. Figures from intelligence firm Pexapark show that, in February this year, the average price of a PPA signed in Germany fell by 1.3% month-on-month.
However, corporate PPAs can be significantly affected by broader power price disruption, particularly in the context of the conflict in the Middle East. This week, a Pexapark forecast said that the prices of a solar PPA signed in Germany could increase by 24% in the coming months, and Swół says that national auctions can be a key tool in minimising this disruption for developers looking to secure finance.
“For us, as an IPP, we are, all the time, looking for commercialisation in the long-run; to be able to go to the bank and have financing, but also to be able to meet the criteria that we have from our investors, who expect a portfolio to be secure in terms of the revenue,” he says.
“I believe that it is very good that the German government wants to support this commercialisation, because it helps a lot on our side, in terms of financing [and] making investment decisions.”
Swół also says that R.Power has sought to take advantage of solar-plus-storage tenders in Germany, which, according to SolarPower Europe, is the only EU member state that offered hybrid renewable energy-plus-storage tenders in 2025. The trade body said that, despite these auctions being technology neutral, solar-plus-storage remains the “dominant winning configuration”, drawing “exceptionally strong interest”, with four times as much submitted capacity as was offered.
“In the German case, we’re trying to deal with co-location as well,” Swół explains. “In autumn we participated in an innovation tender that was the first co-located auction; this is an interesting type of support because, in fact, this is the first one that we’ve seen in the market, where the government wants to support co-location as a technology.”
When asked about the storage component, Swół says that R.Power is looking to expand its operational storage capacity until it is in line with its operational solar capacity. He describes the company’s Polish BESS projects as “pilot projects”, compared to an 800MW solar portfolio currently in operation, and says that hybrid tenders are a key facilitator of co-located projects in Germany.
“There are specifics in the German market,” he explains. “Right now, it’s very challenging to have standalone battery connections.”
Germany is also a strong example of how to incentivise solar-plus-storage auctions, compared to other European countries. In its auction report, SolarPower Europe calls on governments to “ensure support scheme designs are adapted to the hybridisation of PV systems,” particularly given the increasing attitude in Europe that the co-location of solar and storage is the most effective way to deploy renewable energy capacity in a manner that is profitable.
However, Swół says that the German auction system is not perfect, and could be improved further. Just this week, the government announced the results of an undersubscribed rooftop solar auction, and Swół argues that market design, more broadly, could be improved to better facilitate new BESS additions.
Specifically, co-located storage systems can currently only charge from the generation projects to which they are attached, rather than charging and discharging from the grid directly, enabling BESS projects to participate in arbitrage and ancillary services, a system he describes as “green BESS”.
“That type of storage is not very efficient from our perspective, because you need to spend to buy the equipment and invest in the facility, which, in fact, only works for certain periods of time, which is different to the standalone case, where you can charge and discharge both ways from the grid easily,” he explains. “You can participate in arbitrage, merchant and ancillary services all the time.”
“In the long-run, it would be better, definitely, if the grid was opened for storage, to be able to fully participate in the market,” he continues. “In such a case, it would be much more attractive for offtakers to provide the offtake for co-location projects, which can do, in terms of storage, whatever you want.”
As R.Power works in several countries, Swół also has a clear perspective on how the German market compares to others in Europe, particularly its home country of Poland.
“In Poland, you can have a co-located project that, on the storage side, can be charged from the grid constantly,” he explains. “You can do many cycles for the day—one or two, or even more—and [engage in] arbitrage and ancillary services. That type of [system] is easier for commercialisation because it’s easier to find the revenue that covers the capex. It’s also easier to find an offtaker for the prices for such a project.
“Italy also has this capacity market scheme for storage—at least it is going to have the auction this year—and that can support banking, investment decisions and project finance.”
Italy emerged as a key contributor to Europe’s auction landscape last year, with the FER X and MACSE auctions awarding close to 8GW of solar capacity and 10GWh of batteries, respectively. Figures from SolarPower Europe show that Italy awarded double the renewable energy capacity of Germany through auctions in 2025, highlighting how Germany may have been the leader in European auctions for years, but that it is not unique in offering routes to market for renewable energy developers.
“To be honest, I believe that for Germany, and for our markets in Europe, there should be more and more solutions like in Poland [with the] capacity market, or in Italy [with the] MACSE scheme,” explains Swół, highlighting ways in which the German government could improve its auction design by learning from other European countries.
“These types of solutions provide a certain type of certainty in terms of the revenue stack in the long-run,” he continues. “This is very useful in terms of finding commercialisation and the business case for making investment decisions and having project finance.”
This is particularly true for the storage side of the equation, with many, including Swół, suggesting that bigger and better integration of BESS into Europe’s energy mix will be a key contributor to the energy transition.
“I believe this is something to be considered in all markets in Europe, as a type of solution to support the development of storage, because storage is a game-changer for the energy transition in Europe,” he says. “It provides an opportunity to meet supply and demand, and that’s why it should be supported by the government; at the end of the day, [that’s] the most effective use of energy which can be produced by renewables.”
Ultimately, Germany’s auctions have been a driver of new solar capacity, providing crucial revenue certainty as the renewable energy sector sees its prices buffeted by macroeconomic and geopolitical disruption. But as storage becomes a more integral part of the energy mix, German auction design ought to be updated to reflect that, at least in Swół’s opinion.
“There should be some kind of support from the government for grid operators to enhance the grids in a way that can absorb the storage,” he says. “This should be the priority for the governments, to think [about] it holistically.”
“The German market is the example where this is going slowly. It’s very difficult to obtain the connections to the grid for storage in this way.”
Leaders in the European solar sector are turning their attention to this year’s SolarPlus Europe event, to be held in Italy on 15-16 April by PV Tech publisher Solar Media. Information about the event, including the full agenda and options to purchase tickets are available on the official website.

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Contributions from five partners will support a 132 MW portfolio of 25 community solar projects across four states.
Image: U.S. Department of Energy
Atlanta-based community solar developer Dimension Energy has announced its largest-ever project financing package, with $650 million in new funding to support a portfolio of 25 community solar projects totaling 132 MW in capacity across sites in Illinois, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania.
The announcement includes $415 in debt financing from four of Dimension’s existing partners: First Citizens Bank, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Inc. (MUFG), ING Capital LLC and National Bank of Canada, along with $235 million in tax equity from first-time partner Franklin Park.
The latter company, best known for its work in conventional energy, fuel cells and renewable natural gas, has previously worked with solar industry partners such as New Columbia Solar and Sammons Infrastructure. 
“Franklin Park is proud to partner with Dimension Energy on this portfolio of community solar projects,” said Neil McQueen, vice president of Franklin Park Infrastructure. “Dimension is a leader in solar development and operations, and their proven platform makes them an ideal partner for us as we increase our investments in distributed clean energy assets.”
The financing package represents a new milestone for Dimension, which previously announced $412 million in funding for its development activities in October, 2025, which also included financing from First Citizens, ING, National Bank of Canada, and MUFG. 
Since its founding in 2018, Dimension Energy says it has executed more than 1 gigawatt (GW) of projects serving over 35,000 customers, with an additional 3.5 GW under development across 14 markets.
The company says the new financing will advance its mission to deliver affordable, locally generated clean energy and provide subscribers with immediate utility bill savings. 
Three of the four states in which the current financing package will fund projects have existing community solar rules. Programs in Illinois, New Jersey and New York all offer some form of guaranteed bill savings to at least some subscribers. 
Pennsylvania is the exception, although advocates have made many attempts to get a community solar program working. In 2025, the Pennsylvania state House passed a community solar bill, but the bill never made it to a floor vote in the state Senate.
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Trina Solar gets approval for 198-MW solar project with BESS in Chile  renewablesnow.com
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Fraport Greece Pioneers Sustainability with First Photovoltaic Park at Thessaloniki Airport, Boosting New Energy Autonomy, Reducing Carbon Footprint and Enhancing its Green Energy  Travel And Tour World
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by Max Williams, WGME
AUGUSTA (WGME) — A bill now on the governor's desk could make it easier for Mainers to use smaller solar panels, with battery backups, that can plug right into a socket at your home.
The bill, introduced by Democratic Senator Nicole Grohoski, has passed the legislature and is now on Governor Janet Mills' desk for final approval.
"You won't be required to fill out a lot of complicated paperwork with the utility and pay different fees to get solar online," Grohoski said.
How does a plug-in solar panel work? It's pretty simple. All you have to do is plug the panel into a regular home outlet, and it will start generating energy.
"This is incredibly beneficial for everyone in Maine, because the costs associated with installing solar are much lower when you can do it through a plug-in solar system,” A Climate to Thrive member Beth Wolfolk said.
The goal is to help reduce energy costs. The Office of the Maine Public Advocate says in some cases, the panel can reduce costs by nearly 20 percent.
The bill would also allow, in addition to the solar panel, a backup battery power pack when the sun is not out.
"You don't need a $50,000 rooftop array to save $100 a month,” Craftstrom Solar Co-Founder Michael Sherer said.
Houston-based company Craftstrom Solar makes both plug-in solar panels and battery packs. Sherer says both products should be a no-brainer for Mainers.
"For the first time, solar is really here for the customers and only for the customers, not for the financing institution," Sherer said.
Sherer says panels can cost anywhere from $600 to as much as $5,000, depending on the number of watts you get.
If the bill is passed, it will come with some restrictions:
"They're portable, so you can invest in your own renewable energy and be able to take it with you if you change your residence, so it's great for renters and just makes ownership a lot more accessible for people," Wolfolk said.
According to the bill, any homeowner who gets a panel or battery pack cannot use it to sell energy back to the grid or participate in any net energy billing.
CBS13 asked Mills Friday if she would approve of the bill. We have not heard back.
"Maine being a leader in this, I think is going to be really great for our communities," Grohoski said.
2026 Sinclair, Inc.

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By the People, for the People
News
New semiconductor material could open possibilities for solar cells and optoelectronics
Apr. 4, 2026 at 7:48am
Got story updates? Submit your updates here. ›
Researchers at Rice University have created a new type of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor that is more symmetrical than previous perovskite materials, allowing energy to move through the material without getting trapped. This advance could lead to improvements in solar cells, photodetectors, and other optoelectronic devices.
The new 2D perovskite material exhibits exceptional exciton transport properties, on par with the best 2D materials like transition metal dichalcogenides. This could enable more efficient solar cells and optoelectronic devices by allowing the material to better capture and transport light energy.
The researchers engineered a multilayered 2D perovskite that is nearly perfectly symmetrical, unlike typical perovskites which are prone to structural distortions. This allows energy-carrying excitons to propagate through the material for over 2 micrometers without losing energy. The team used a novel crystal growth method to lock in the desired structure before it could transform. The added thickness of the multilayered material also allows it to capture a broader portion of the solar spectrum.
Rice’s William M. Rice Trustee Professor, a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering, and faculty director of the Rice Engineering Initiative for Energy Transition and Sustainability.
A Rice Ph.D. alum and postdoctoral researcher in the Mohite research group, who is a co-first author on the study.
A materials science and nanoengineering Ph.D. student at Rice, who was the first author on the study.
A graduate student at Northwestern University working in the research group of Mercouri Kanatzidis, who was a co-corresponding author alongside Mohite.
A professor at Northwestern University and co-corresponding author on the study.
“It is as close to perfectly symmetrical as you can find in a crystal, and, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first time this has been demonstrated in a multilayered 2D perovskite system at room temperature.”
— Aditya Mohite, Rice’s William M. Rice Trustee Professor, a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering, and faculty director of the Rice Engineering Initiative for Energy Transition and Sustainability
“In two directions, it looks like a perovskite, and in the third direction, three perovskite layers are connected together. Before, people had only been able to connect two perovskite layers using this chemically stable formamidinium cation inside those layers. This is the first time that someone has connected three or more layers in this configuration.”
— Isaac Metcalf, Rice Ph.D. alum and postdoctoral researcher in the Mohite research group
“The more sunlight it can absorb, the better a solar cell it can be, which is why people are excited about this.”
— Isaac Metcalf, Rice Ph.D. alum and postdoctoral researcher in the Mohite research group
“One of the big challenges with tandems right now is the wide band gap material. The 2D perovskites we are developing have enhanced stability. And this specific 2D perovskite has a near ideal band gap to pair with silicon or any other perovskite or semiconductor”
— Faiz Mandani, Rice Ph.D. alum and study co-author
The researchers plan to further explore the potential of the new 2D perovskite material in solar cells, photodetectors, and other optoelectronic applications.
This breakthrough in 2D perovskite design represents a significant advance in the quest for more efficient and versatile semiconductor materials for renewable energy and advanced electronics. The ability to create highly symmetrical perovskite structures could unlock new possibilities in solar power, sensing, and quantum technologies.
Apr. 4, 2026
Apr. 4, 2026
Apr. 4, 2026
We keep track of fun holidays and special moments on the cultural calendar — giving you exciting activities, deals, local events, brand promotions, and other exciting ways to celebrate.

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FRV gets consent for 183.6 MW solar projects in Spain  renewablesnow.com
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TCL Zhonghuan has reached a definitive agreement to take majority control of solar manufacturer DAS Solar, according to a report from pv magazine. The transaction is described as one of the most closely watched solar sector consolidation deals of the current year.
The Shenzhen-listed unit of TCL Technology finalized the transaction documents on March 30. This followed a 90-day exclusive negotiation period that began after a framework agreement was signed on January 16.
Under the agreement, TCL Zhonghuan will pay a cash sum of 1.258 billion yuan. This includes 258 million yuan to acquire a portion of existing equity and 1 billion yuan in new capital. The transaction results in TCL Zhonghuan holding 55.56% of the post-investment equity and implies a pre-investment valuation of 800 million yuan. The company will also receive voting rights over an additional stake from the founder and affiliated partnerships.
Upon completion, TCL Zhonghuan will hold 59.14% of DAS Solar and control 66.34% of its voting rights, making it a consolidated subsidiary. The deal has been approved by the acquirer’s board and does not require shareholder approval. Remaining steps include state asset and antitrust approvals.
DAS Solar, founded in 2018, specializes in n-type solar technologies. By the end of 2025, it had built significant production capacity for cells and modules. The company has been active in bidding for projects involving n-type TOPCon and BC modules in recent years.
Financially, DAS Solar reported substantial liabilities and negative net assets as of the end of 2025. The acquisition is seen as a move by TCL Zhonghuan to extend its operations downstream from wafers into cell and module production, enhancing vertical integration. The combination could accelerate the commercialization of back-contact technology.
Industry perspectives on the deal are mixed. Supporters view it as a low-cost acquisition of a strategic asset at a depressed valuation and a sign of broader industry consolidation. Cited risks include near-term earnings pressure from the target’s losses, potential goodwill impairment, and operational integration challenges.
This report provides a comprehensive view of the solar cells and light-emitting diodes industry in China, tracking demand, supply, and trade flows across the national value chain. It explains how demand across key channels and end-use segments shapes consumption patterns, while also mapping the role of input availability, production efficiency, and regulatory standards on supply.
Beyond headline metrics, the study benchmarks prices, margins, and trade routes so you can see where value is created and how it moves between domestic suppliers and international partners. The analysis is designed to support strategic planning, market entry, portfolio prioritization, and risk management in the solar cells and light-emitting diodes landscape in China.
The report combines market sizing with trade intelligence and price analytics for China. It covers both historical performance and the forward outlook to 2035, allowing you to compare cycles, structural shifts, and policy impacts.
This report provides a consistent view of market size, trade balance, prices, and per-capita indicators for China. The profile highlights demand structure and trade position, enabling benchmarking against regional and global peers.
The analysis is built on a multi-source framework that combines official statistics, trade records, company disclosures, and expert validation. Data are standardized, reconciled, and cross-checked to ensure consistency across time series.
All data are normalized to a common product definition and mapped to a consistent set of codes. This ensures that comparisons across time are aligned and actionable.
The forecast horizon extends to 2035 and is based on a structured model that links solar cells and light-emitting diodes demand and supply to macroeconomic indicators, trade patterns, and sector-specific drivers. The model captures both cyclical and structural factors and reflects known policy and technology shifts in China.
Each projection is built from national historical patterns and the broader regional context, allowing the report to show where growth is concentrated and where risks are elevated.
Prices are analyzed in detail, including export and import unit values, regional spreads, and changes in trade costs. The report highlights how seasonality, freight rates, exchange rates, and supply disruptions influence pricing and margins.
Key producers, exporters, and distributors are profiled with a focus on their operational scale, geographic footprint, product mix, and market positioning. This helps identify competitive pressure points, partnership opportunities, and routes to differentiation.
This report is designed for manufacturers, distributors, importers, wholesalers, investors, and advisors who need a clear, data-driven picture of solar cells and light-emitting diodes dynamics in China.
The market size aggregates consumption and trade data, presented in both value and volume terms.
The projections combine historical trends with macroeconomic indicators, trade dynamics, and sector-specific drivers.
Yes, it includes export and import unit values, regional spreads, and a pricing outlook to 2035.
The report benchmarks market size, trade balance, prices, and per-capita indicators for China.
Yes, it highlights demand hotspots, trade routes, pricing trends, and competitive context.
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