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Nature volume 642, pages 78–84 (2025)
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An important challenge in the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the simultaneous attainment of high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and high stability. Using polymer interfaces in PSCs can enhance durability by blocking water and oxygen and by suppressing ion interdiffusion, but their electronic shielding poses a challenge for efficient and stable PSCs1,2,3. Here we report a magnetic endohedral metallofullerene Nd@C82–polymer coupling layer, which features ultrafast electron extraction and in situ encapsulation, thereby promoting homogeneous electron extraction and suppressing ion interdiffusion. The Nd@C82–polymer coupling layer in PSCs exhibited a PCE of 26.78% (certified 26.29%) and 23.08% with an aperture area of 0.08 cm2 and 16 cm2 (modules), respectively. The unencapsulated devices retained about 82% of the initial PCE after 2,500 h of continuous 1-sun maximum power point operation at 65 °C.
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All data are available in the main text or supplementary materials. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper.
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S.Y. and C.L. thank the Core Facilities Sharing Platform of Xi’an Jiaotong University (XJTU) for performing various characterizations; Y.L. and C.L. thank the staff from the BL02U beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) for assistance during data collection. We thank Y. Liang, H. Guo and Y. Zhang at the Instrument Analysis Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University for their assistance with TOF-SIMS, KPFM and HR-TEM analyses, respectively. We also thank the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFE0201800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62304111, 22201227, 12274337, U1866203, 92066207, 62175268, 52472199), the Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Mathematics and Physics (22JSY015, 23JSY005), the Young Talent Fund of Xi’an Association for Science and Technology (959202313020), the Shaanxi Province science and technology activities for overseas students selected funding project (2023015), the State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures (SV2023-KF-18), the youth project in natural science and engineering technology (2023SYJ15), the Project of State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, the Qin Chuang Yuan Program of Shaan Xi Province (grant no. 2021QCYRC4-37), the Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (GZR2023010046), the Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NY223053), the China Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no. 2022M721026), the Joint Fund of Provincial Science, and Technology Research and Development Plan of Henan Province (Grant No. 232301420004), the Science and Technology Development Fund, Macao SAR (file no. 0010/2022/AMJ, 0060/2023/RIA1, 006/2022/ALC, 0122/2024/AMJ), the research fund of UM (file no. MYRG-GRG2023-00065-IAPME-UMDF).
These authors contributed equally: Yuexin Lin, Zhichao Lin, Shili Lv, Yuan Shui, Wenjing Zhu
MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
Yuexin Lin, Yuan Shui, Wenjing Zhu, Wenhan Yang, Fenqi Du, Jin Liu, Hairui Cai, Bin Wang, Nan Zhang, Chuncai Kong, Zhimao Yang, Shengchun Yang, Tao Yang & Chao Liang
College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
Zhichao Lin
School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
Shili Lv, Danning Wang & Wenting Cai
Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Nanoscience and Materials Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
Zuhong Zhang, Jinbo Zhao & Meng Li
Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau, People’s Republic of China
Hao Gu, Annan Zhu, Shi Chen & Guichuan Xing
State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
Junmin Xia
Institute of Advanced Ceramics, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
Haibin Wang
State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials & Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
Xiaolong Liu
Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials and Structures, Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
Tao Liu & Di Zhou
State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
Tao Li, Wei Ma & Shengchun Yang
Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
Guojia Fang
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Luis Echegoyen
Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Tarragona, Spain
Luis Echegoyen
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
Wei Huang
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W.C., T.Y., M.L., S.Y. and C.L. conceptualized the study; Y.L., Z.L., S.L., T. Liu, W.M., Y.S. and C.L. devised the methodology; Y.L., Z.L., S.L., Y.S., W.Z., Z.Z., J.Z., W.Y., H.G., J.X., D.W., F.D., A.Z., J.L., H.C., B.W., N.Z., H.W., X.L., T. Li, C.K., D.Z., S.C. and Z.Y. conducted the investigation; Y.L., S.L., Y.S. and W.Y. performed the visualization; S.Y., M.L. and C.L. helped with funding acquisition; W.C., S.Y., M.L. and C.L. helped with the project administration; G.X., S.Y., T.Y., W.C., M.L., W.H., and C.L. supervised the study; Y.L. and C.L. wrote the original draft; G.F., L.E., G.X., W.C., T.Y., S.Y., M.L. and C.L. wrote, reviewed and edited the paper. All authors discussed the results and commented on the paper.
Correspondence to Guichuan Xing, Shengchun Yang, Tao Yang, Wenting Cai, Meng Li or Chao Liang.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Nature thanks Ana Montero-Alejo, Jae Yun and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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Supplementary Notes 1–13, Supplementary Figs. 1–53, Supplementary Tables 1–10 and Supplementary References.
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Lin, Y., Lin, Z., Lv, S. et al. A Nd@C82–polymer interface for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Nature 642, 78–84 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08961-9
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