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Researchers have introduced formamidine acetate as a vapor-deposited additive for thermally evaporated FASnI2Br tin perovskite films. The lead-free and solvent-free approach is intended for indoor photovoltaics that can power low-energy electronics and IoT devices. Formamidine acetate was found to coordinate with SnI2, forming a metastable intermediate phase during crystallization processes. The intermediate phase has enabled improved control over crystallization kinetics during solvent-free wide-bandgap perovskite film formation.
Formamidine acetate also decreased SnI2 surface free energy and promoted uniform deposition of the subsequent FABr layer. The improved film quality has reduced trap-assisted recombination losses across assembled indoor PV device structures. These indoordevices have achieved 16.36% efficiency under 1000 lx illumination and exceeded 3000 h stability under N2 without encapsulation.
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