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The US Department of Commerce has locked in its final antidumping and countervailing duty rates on crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells shipped from India, Indonesia and Laos, with the combined burden for Indian producers climbing to 249.13%. The affirmative determinations, made public on 11 September, wrap up the department’s side of the most recent US solar trade dispute.
For India, Commerce settled on a final dumping margin of 123.04% applying to every producer and exporter, calculated using adverse facts available, plus a final countervailing duty rate of 126.09%. Together these yield a 249.13% combined rate before any other US tariffs are layered on. Mundra Solar PV, Mundra Solar Energy, Kowa Company and Premier Energies Photovoltaic were each assigned the same dumping margin and a cash deposit rate of 107.17% after subsidy offsets were factored in.
For Indonesia, Commerce set a final dumping margin of 94.36% for PT Blue Sky Solar Indonesia, PT REC Solar Energy Indonesia and all remaining producers. Countervailing duty rates span from 73.20% for PT REC Solar Energy Indonesia and all others up to 173.70% for PT Blue Sky Solar Indonesia.
Laos drew a final dumping margin of 65.43% covering the named exporters and the Laos-wide entity. Final countervailing duty rates run from 82.03% for Solarspace Technology (Laos) and all others to 153.67% for Vietnam Sunergy Joint Stock Company. After subsidy offsets, the final cash deposit rate for the Laos dumping determination stands at 65.03%.
Joe Hennessy, a market research analyst at PV Tech Research, said the publication of the final rates will probably bring cell imports from these countries to a halt. For Indonesia and Laos, he said, the likely result is the shutdown of some or most of these facilities unless they can be converted to serve certain European projects. In India’s case, he expects demand to fall, though many manufacturers there had not been shipping to the US over the past year, so most of them will see only a minimal effect. He observed that with ALMM mandates applying to both cells and modules, Indian manufacturers have prioritised supplying their home market.
Prabhakar Sharma, a senior consultant at JMK Research & Analytics, told PV Tech that the immediate consequence is a substantial drop in exports once the duties take effect, even though the US has yet to make a final decision. He pointed to US Department of Commerce statistics showing India sends only 2GW to 3GW of modules to the US each year, a relatively marginal figure next to the volume of production currently absorbed domestically. He also said Indian players will be driven to establish their own facilities in the US, noting that Waaree‘s plant is already running in Texas, and that other companies which had previously announced US factory plans may revive them with greater determination.
The investigation began after petitions were filed in August 2025 by the Alliance for American Solar Manufacturing and Trade, whose members include Hanwha Qcells USA, First Solar and Mission Solar Energy.
Tim Brightbill, co-chair of Wiley’s International Trade Practice and lead counsel to the Alliance, said America’s solar manufacturing sector is set for a historic comeback, with domestic module capacity having risen by more than 750% since 2022 and cell production also growing. He said that momentum is being undermined by dumped and subsidised imports from India, Indonesia and Laos that have deprived American producers of a level playing field, and called the final determinations a crucial step toward enforcing US trade laws and restoring fair competition for US solar manufacturers and their workers.
Commerce’s final determinations concluded that producers in India, Indonesia and Laos had sold crystalline silicon PV cells into the US at below fair value and had received countervailable subsidies. The investigations cover crystalline silicon PV cells, whether or not assembled into modules. These duties stand apart from broader US tariff measures and, if ultimately imposed, would be added on top of other tariffs that apply to the imported goods.
The determinations alone do not create permanent antidumping or countervailing duty orders. The US International Trade Commission is running parallel injury investigations and is due to issue its final ruling on 14 October 2026 on whether imports from India, Indonesia and Laos materially injure, or threaten to materially injure, the US solar manufacturing industry. A positive ITC finding would let Commerce issue the final duty orders, presently slated for 2 November 2026. Should the ITC find no material injury or threat of it, the investigations would end and cash deposits already collected would be returned.
Hennessy said the main US suppliers from abroad have already relocated cell manufacturing to other places, among them Egypt, Ethiopia and Nigeria, while also seeking to onshore module manufacturing capacity where they have not yet done so. He added that several petitions are already looking to investigate some of these new manufacturing locations. He further noted that with Section 232 on the horizon, future attention will likely shift away from specific countries and individual antidumping and countervailing duty cases toward imports as a whole.
For Indian manufacturers especially, the final dumping margin and subsidy rate pose a major obstacle to keeping US market access if the ITC makes an affirmative injury determination. The 14 October ITC vote is thus the next key milestone in deciding whether the rates Commerce announced become enforceable orders.
In February 2026, the US Department of Commerce had imposed preliminary countervailing duties of as much as 125.87% on crystalline silicon solar cells from India. The preliminary determinations issued in April set dumping margins of 123.04% for India, 35.15% for Indonesia and 22.46% for Laos. The final determination kept India’s margin unchanged but sharply raised the rates for Indonesia and Laos to 94.36% and 65.43%, respectively.
India’s renewable energy transition, spanning solar PV and energy storage to grid integration, will be a central topic at the Renewable Energy India Expo, co-located with the Energy Storage Summit India, in Greater Noida on 22-24 October 2026.
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