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Nature Photonics (2026)
Fully screen-printed perovskite solar cells represent a promising solution for scalable manufacturing of perovskite photovoltaics. However, their development is hindered by inefficient vertical phase transformation within thick, multi-layered films, which results in incomplete infiltration, premature surface nucleation and residual stress. Here we report a fluid motion crystallization strategy employing a co-solvent system of ionic liquid methylammonium propionate and butyronitrile. The butyronitrile reduces the fluid motion resistance and disperses PbI2 aggregates with optimized solvation structure, enabling rapid and deep infiltration of the perovskite precursor. This promotes a bottom-up, ordered phase transition before surface nucleation, effectively suppressing defect formation. The subsequent growth of a dense, interconnected perovskite nanocrystal network featuring an island-like surface morphology strengthens the interfacial contact with the carbon electrode. This intimate contact enhances the carrier transport and minimizes the recombination losses. Finally, air-processed, fully screen-printed perovskite solar cells yield a power conversion efficiency of 22.41% (certified 21.86%). Devices retain over 90.5% of their initial power conversion efficiency after 2,000 h under International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability light-soaking-1 (ISOS-L-1) accelerated ageing conditions and show no degradation after 900 h of operation at 85 °C with 50% ± 10% relative humidity (ISOS-L-3 protocol).
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The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper.
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We acknowledge assistance from Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility for the GlWAXS measurements.
This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (22425903, U24A20568, 62288102 and 22379067), the Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Disciplines Breakthrough Plan of the Ministry of Education of China (JYB2025XDXM406), the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFB4204500) the Jiangsu Provincial Departments of Science and Technology (BE2022023, BK20220010, BZ2023060 and BK20243057).
State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institution of Advanced Materials, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
Changshun Chen, Qing Yao, Youjian Ding, Anshi Chu, Yingdong Xia, Yonghua Chen & Wei Huang
Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
Changshun Chen, Yanxiang Zhao, Chenxin Ran & Wei Huang
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Y.C. and W.H. conceived the idea and designed the experiments. Y.C. and Y.X. supervised the project. C.C. performed most of the device fabrication and characterization. Q.Y., Y.D., Y.Z. and A.C. assisted with the fabrication of perovskite films and related characterizations. C.C. and Y.C. contributed to data analysis and discussions. C.C. prepared the first draft of the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and provided feedback on the manuscript.
Correspondence to Yingdong Xia, Yonghua Chen or Wei Huang.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Nature Photonics thanks Carys Worsley and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Notes 1 and 2 and Figs. 1–48.
Contact angle measurements on different substrates.
Molecular dynamics simulation of fluid crystallization without BN.
Molecular dynamics simulation of fluid crystallization with BN.
In situ optical imaging of wet-film crystallization without BN.
In situ optical imaging of wet-film crystallization with BN.
Statistical source data for Fig.1c–l, 2e, 3b,c,e,g, 4c,d,f,g
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Chen, C., Yao, Q., Ding, Y. et al. Fluid motion and crystallization control enable air-processed fully screen-printed perovskite solar cells. Nat. Photon. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-026-01991-3
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